常用微生物学专业名词词汇表.doc

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1、常用微生物学专业名词词汇表activeimmunity（主动免疫）:Immunityacquiredthroughdirectstimulationoftheimmunesystembyantigen.activetransport（主动运输）:Transportofmoleculesagainstaconcentrationgradient(fromregionsoflowconcentrationtoregionsofhighconcentration)withtheaidofproteinsinthecellmembrane

2、andenergyfromATP.Alcoholfermentation（乙醇发酵）：istheformationofalcoholfromsugar.Yeast,whenunderanaerobicconditions,convertglucosetopyruvicacidviatheglycolysispathways,thengoonestepfarther,convertingpyruvicacidintoethanol,aC-2compound.aerobe（好氧微生物）:Amicroorganismthatlivesa

3、ndgrowsinthepresenceoffreegaseousoxygen(O2).aflatoxin（黄曲霉毒素）:FromAspergillusflavust,amycotoxinthattypicallypoisonsmoldyanimalfeedandcancauselivercancerinhumansandotheranimals.AIDS（爱滋病）:AcquiredImmunedeficiencysyndrome.Thecomplexofsignsandsymptomscharacteristicofthelat

4、ephaseofhumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV)infection.Amestest（艾姆氏实验）:Amethodfordetectingmutagenicandpotentiallycarcinogenicagentsbaseduponthegeneticalterationofnutritionallydefectivebacteriaanabolism（合成代谢）:Theenergyconsumingprocessofincorporatingnutrientsintoprotoplasmthr

5、oughbiosynthesis.anaerobe（厌氧微生物）:Amicroorganismthatgrowsbest,orexclusively,intheabsenceofoxygen.antibiotic（抗生素）:Achemicalsubstancefromonemicroorganismthatcaninhibitorkillanothermicrobeeveninminuteamounts.antibody（抗体）:Alargeproteinmoleculeevokedinresponsetoanantigentha

6、tinteractsspecificallywiththatantigen.antigen（抗原）:Anycell,particle,orchemicalthatinducesaspecificimmuneresponsebyBcellsorTcellsandcanstimulateresistancetoaninfectionoratoxin.antigenicdeterminant（抗原决定基）:Theprecisemoleculargroupofanantigenthatdefinesitsspecificityandtri

7、ggerstheimmuneresponse.antimetabolite（抗代谢物）:Asubstancesuchasadrugthatcompeteswith,substitutesfor,orinterfereswithanormalmetabolite.antiseptic（防腐剂）：Agrowth-inhibitingagentusedontissuestopreventinfection.antiserum（抗血清）：Antibody-richserumderivedfromthebloodofanimals(deli

8、beratelyimmunizedagainstinfectiousortoxicantigen)orfrompeoplewhohaverecoveredfromspecificnfections.antitoxin（抗毒素）：Globulinfr