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1、welcometoourclass2.5SuprasegmentalsSuprasegmentalfeaturesarethoseaspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegments.语音单位在语流中有前后的顺序,它们的组合呈线形的,称线性组合。据线性组合的先后顺序切分出来的语音单位,各占一定的时间段落,所以也称音段。语流中最小的音段是音位,因此音位也称音段音位(segmentalphonemes),即元音(vowels)和辅音(consonants)。但是在实际语流中,语音成素还有一种非
2、线性的共时组合。当音位前后连缀组合成较大的音段时,往往具有原来所没有的某种语音成素作为它的特征及组成部分。这种较大音段所具有的语音成素超越了原来的较小音段的线性组合,因而具有超音段的性质。因此我们在这里要研究超音段特征。Forexampleinstinct[‵instiŋkt](本能)television[‘teli,viʒən]（电视）2.5.1TheSyllableStructuremonosyllable:withonesyllable,likecatanddogPolysyllable:withmorethanonesyllable,
3、liketransplantorfestivalAsyllablemusthaveanucleusorpeakUsually,avowelplaysthepartofanucleusSometimes,aconsonantplaysthepartofanucleusTable['teibl]/tei//bl/[m,n]bottom['bɔtm]cotton['kɔtn]Syllable(cracked)O(nset)R(hyme)N(ucleus)Co(da)kræktSyllablestructureAsyllablethathasnoco
4、daiscalledanopensyllableAsyllablewithcodaisaclosedsyllableOpensyllableandclosedsyllableInEnglish,theonsetpositionmaybeemptyorfilledbyaclusterofasmanyasthreeconsonants,whilethecodapositionmaybefilledbyasmanyasfourconsonants.aim[eim]spread[spred]sixths[siksθs]English(((C)C)C)
5、V((((C)C)C)C)Chinese(C)v(C)MaximalonsetprincipleWhenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant,itisputintotheonsetratherthanthecoda.National['næʃənəl]2.5.2stressStressreferstothedegreeofforceusedinproducingasyllable.Intranscription,araisedverticalline(')isoftenusedbeforethesy
6、llableitrelatesto.StressrelativenotionstressedsyllablesvsunstressedsyllablesAtthewordlevelAtthesentencelevelAtthewordlevel,itonlyappliestothewordswithatleasttwosyllables. Forlongwords,thereareoftentwostressedsyllables–primarystressedandsecondarystressedsyllables.eg.communi
7、cation[kə,mju:ni'keiʃən]epiphenomenal[,epifə'nɔminəl]AtthesentencelevelIngeneralsituation,notionalwordsarenormallystressedwhilestructuralwordsareunstressed.eg.Iwasthinkingofyouallthetime.Inprinciple,stressmayfallonanywordoranysyllabletoexpressemphasis,surpriseect.eg.Johnbou
8、ghtaredbicycle.Johnboughtaredbicycle.Johnboughtaredbicycle.Johnboughtaredbicycle.J
