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1、Chapter3MorphologicalStructureofEnglishWordsWehavediscussedthehistorical,culturalandsocialfactorsthatfacilitate（使容易；推动）thedevelopmentoftheEnglishvocabulary.Borrowing,aswesee,hasbeenplayinganactiveroleintheexpansionofvocabulary.Inmoderntimes,however,vocabularyismainlyenlargedonaninternal
2、basis.Thatis,weuseword-buildingmaterialavailableinEnglishtocreatenewwords.Butbeforewediscusstheactualwaysandmeanstomakenewwords,weneedtohaveaclearpictureofthestructureofEnglishwordsandtheircomponents（丿戎分）一word-formingelements・Thischapterwilldiscussmorphemes（语素；词素），theirclassification（分类
3、）andidentification（辨别），therelationshipbetweenmorphemesandword-fbnnation（构词法）.3.1MorphemesTraditionally,wordsareusuallytreatedasthebasicandminimalunitsofalanguagetomakesentences,whicharecombinationsofwordsaccordingtosyntacticrules（句法规贝ij）.Structurally,however,awordisnotthesmallestunitbec
4、ausemanywordscanbeseparatedintoevensmallermeaningfulunits.Takedecontextualizcitionforexample.Thisisoneword,butcanbebrokendownintode-,con-,text.・a/,-iz（e）.-ation,eachhavingmeaningofitsown.Thesesegments（部分）cannotbefurtherdivided;otherwise,noneofthemwouldmakeanysense・Though-ationhasanumber
5、ofvariants（变体）suchas-lion,-sion,-ion,theybelongtothesamesuffixastheyhavethesamemeaningandgrammaticalfunctionandoccurowingto（因为；根据）differentsoundenvironment.Theseminimalmeaningfulunitsareknownasmorphemes（morpheistheGreekwordfor'fdnrf;-emeasin'phoneme'（音素）means'classof）.Inviewofword-forma
6、tion,themorphemeisseenas*thesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords*（Crystal1985）.Syntactically（从句法上看）,however,amorphemeistheminimalformofgrammaticalanalysis（语法分析）.Forinstance,eachoftheword・fbrmsstudies,studying,studied,consistsofthemorphemestudy+;theforms-esinstudies,-inginstudy
7、ing,-edinstudiedaremorphemes,whichexpressgrammaticalconcepts（语法概念）insteadofderivingnewwords（SeeClassifyingMorphemes）・3.1MorphsandAllomorphs（词素变体）Morphemesareabstractunits,whicharerealizedinspeechbydiscreteunits（具体单位）knownasmorphs（形素）.Theyareactualspoken,minimalcarriersofmeaning
