国外Advanced Cognitive Psychology课程课件-Problem solving.ppt

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1、ProblemsolvingandCreativityProblemsolvingWhatisproblemsolving?WeakandstrongmethodsMuchofourlifeisspentsolvingproblems?HomeworkproblemsManagingmoneyVideogamesEndingconflictWhatmakestheseproblems?FouraspectstoaproblemGoalWhatistobeaccomplished?GivensWhatisknownfromthest

2、artoftheproblem?MeansoftransformationHowcantheinitialstatebemodified?ObstaclesSomethingthatstandsbetweentheinitialstateandthegoal.Whatwouldhappenifoneoftheseaspectsweremissing?TypesofproblemsWell-definedproblemsAllfouraspectsoftheproblemarespecified.TowersofHanoiMazes

3、Ill-definedproblemsOneormoreoftheaspectsoftheproblemarenotwellspecified.StoppingawarHowdowesolveproblems?SometimesaproblemisnovelThenweusegeneralproblemsolvingstrategies“weak”methodsSometimesaproblemismorefamiliarThenwecanuseourbackgroundknowledge“strongmethods”Proble

4、msolvingassearchConsiderawell-definedproblemThegivensareknownThemeansoftransformationareknownThegoalisknownTheobstacleisgenerallythattherearesomanypossiblesolutionsitishardtofindtherightoneWemustsearchfortherightsolutionWhatifthesearchspaceistoolarge?Itisnotpossibleto

5、enumeratetheentiresearchspaceforallwell-definedproblems.Chess:Afterafewmoves,therearetoomanypossiblemovesandcountermovestoconsiderallofthem.WemustuseconstraintsHeuristics(generalguidelines)Itislikelytoleadtoagoodsolution,butnotguaranteedtoworkHillclimbingFindsomemeasu

6、reofthedistancebetweenyourpresentstateandtheendstate.Takeastepinthedirectionthatmostreducesthatdistance.Apotentiallocalminimumproblem.Means-endanalysisTrytoreducethelargestdifferencebetweentheinitialstateandthegoalstatefirst.HowshouldyougetfromUNTtotheEmpireStateBuild

7、ing?FlyfromDallastoNewYorkThattakescareofthebiggestdifference,butnowcreatesnewsub-problemsGettingfromUNTtotheairportGettingfromaNewYorkairporttotheEmpireStateBuildingEachofthesenewsub-problemsneedstobesolvedWorkingbackwardSometimesitishardtosolveaproblembystartingatth

8、einitialstateManypuzzlesareintentionallydesignedtobehardtosolvefromthegivens.Itcanbeusefultostartattheendstateandworkbackwar