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1、—CHAPTER18CognitivePsychologyCognitivepsychologyincludessuchtopicsasmem-Developmentsbefore1950ory,conceptformation,attention,reasoning,prob-lemsolving,judgment,andlanguage.Clearlycogni-Throughoutmostofpsychology’shistoryhumantivepsychologyisverypopul
2、arwithincontemporaryattributeswerestudiedphilosophically.J.S.Millpsychology.However,inpsychology’slonghistory(1843/1988)setthestageforpsychologyasanexper-someformofcognitionhasalmostalwaysbeenem-imentalscienceandencouragedthedevelopmentofphasized.The
3、fewexceptionsincludedthematerial-suchascience.Fechner(1860/1966)tookMill’sleadisticphilosophiesorpsychologiesofDemocritus,andstudiedcognitiveevents(sensations)experimen-Hobbes,Gassendi,LaMettrie,Watson,andSkinner,tally.Ebbinghaus(1885/1964),underthei
4、nfluencewhichdeniedtheexistenceofmentalevents.TheofFechner,studiedlearningandmemoryexperimen-schoolsofvoluntarismandstructuralismconcen-tally.WilliamJames’sThePrinciplesofPsychologytratedontheexperimentalstudyofcognition,and(1890)citedconsiderablerese
5、archoncognitionandtheschooloffunctionalismstudiedbothcognitionsuggestedmanyadditionalresearchpossibilities.Sirandbehavior.ThesupposedsterilityoftheresearchFrederickCharlesBartlett(1886–1969),inRemem-oncognitionperformedbymembersoftheseschoolsbering:A
6、StudyinExperimentalandSocialPsychologypromptedWatsontocreatetheschoolofbehavior-(1932),demonstratedhowmemoryisinfluencedism.Thustosay,asiscommon,thatpsychologyisbe-morebypersonal,cognitivethemesorschemathancomingmorecognitivelyorientedisinaccurate,be-
7、bythemechanicallawsofassociation.Inothercausewithonlyafewexceptionsithasalwaysbeenwords,hefoundthatinformationisalwaysencoded,cognitivelyoriented.Buttherewasaperiodfromstored,andrecalledintermsofanindividual’spre-about1930toabout1950whenradicalbehavi
8、orismconceptionsandattitudes.washighlyinfluential,andwhenitwaswidelybe-Asearlyas1926JeanPiaget(1896–1980)beganlievedthatcognitiveeventseitherdidnotexistor,ifpublishingresearchonintellectualdevelopment.theydid,weresimplyby-products(epiphenomena)Duringh
