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1、GENERALPREFACEDovGabbay,PaulThagard,andJohnWoodsWheneverscienceoperatesatthecuttingedgeofwhatisknown,itinvariablyrunsintophilosophicalissuesaboutthenatureofknowledgeandreality.Scientificcontroversiesraisesuchquestionsastherelationoftheoryandexperiment,
2、thenatureofexplanation,andtheextenttowhichsciencecanapproximatetothetruth.Withinparticularsciences,specialconcernsariseaboutwhatexistsandhowitcanbeknown,forexampleinphysicsaboutthenatureofspaceandtime,andinpsychologyaboutthenatureofconsciousness.Hence
3、thephilosophyofscienceisanessentialpartofthescientificinvestigationoftheworld.Inrecentdecades,philosophyofsciencehasbecomeanincreasinglycentralpartofphilosophyingeneral.Althoughtherearestillphilosopherswhothinkthattheoriesofknowledgeandrealitycanbedeve
4、lopedbypurereflection,muchcurrentphilosophicalworkfindsitnecessaryandvaluabletotakeintoaccountrelevantscientificfindings.Forexample,thephilosophyofmindisnowcloselytiedtoempiricalpsychology,andpoliticaltheoryoftenintersectswitheconomics.Thusphilosophyofsci
5、enceprovidesavaluablebridgebetweenphilosophicalandscientificinquiry.Moreandmore,thephilosophyofscienceconcernsitselfnotjustwithgeneralissuesaboutthenatureandvalidityofscience,butespeciallywithparticularissuesthatariseinspecificsciences.Accordingly,wehav
6、eorganizedthisHandbookintomanyvolumesreflectingthefullrangeofcurrentresearchinthephilosophyofscience.Weinvitedvolumeeditorswhoarefullyinvolvedinthespecificsciences,andaredelightedthattheyhavesolicitedcontributionsbyscientifically-informedphilosophersand(
7、inafewcases)philosophically-informedscientists.Theresultisthemostcomprehensiverevieweverprovidedofthephilosophyofscience.HerearethevolumesintheHandbook:PhilosophyofScience:FocalIssues,editedbyTheoKuipers.PhilosophyofPhysics,editedbyJeremyButterfieldand
8、JohnEarman.PhilosophyofBiology,editedbyMohanMatthenandChristopherStephens.PhilosophyofMathematics,editedbyAndrewIrvine.PhilosophyofLogic,editedbyDaleJacquette.PhilosophyofChemistryandPharmacology,editedbyAndreaWoodyandRobinHendry.viDovGabbay,P
