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1、TotalPhysicalResponseDefinitionProcedureandExampleBackgroundApproachSummary123456ContentApproachDesign21.DefinitionTotalPhysicalResponse(TPR)isalanguageteachingmethodbuiltaroundthecoordinationofspeechandaction;itattemptstoteachlanguagethroughphysical(motor)activity.TPRwasd
2、evelopedbyJamesAsher,aprofessorofpsychologyatSanJoseStateUniversity,California,itdrawsonseveraltraditions,includingdevelopmentalpsychology,learningtheory,humanisticpedagogy,andlanguageteachingprocedures.32.Background2.1SourcesofTPR“Tracetheory”ofmemoryinpsychology:themoreo
3、ftenorthemoreintensivelyamemoryconnectionistraced,thestrongerthememoryassociationwillbeandthemorelikelyitwillberecalled.Inadevelopmentalsense,successfuladultL2learningisseenasaparallelprocesstochildL1acquisition:command—physicalresponse—verbalresponse.Inasenseofhumanisticp
4、sychology,TPRshowsaconcernfortheroleofaffectivefactorsinLlearning:NolinguisticdemandGamelikemovementsthatreducestressandcreateapositivemood4ComprehensionApproach:developingcomprehensionskillsbeforelearnersspeakingbasedthefollowingbeliefs:Comprehensionabilitiesprecedeproduc
5、tiveskillsinlearningalanguage;Speakingdelayeduntilcomprehensionskillsestablished;Skillsacquiredthroughlisteningtransfertootherskills;Teachingshouldemphasizemeaningratherthanform;Teachingshouldminimizelearnerstress.Theuseofphysicalaction:Action-basedteachingstrategyhasalong
6、tradition-Gouinadvocatedastrategyinwhichachainofactionverbsserveasthebasisforintroducingandpracticingnewlanguageitems.-Palmerexperimentedwithanaction-basedteachingstrategyinhisbookEnglishthroughActions.5Dr.Asherdevelopedtheapproachin30yearsofresearchinthelaboratory.Thisres
7、earchhasresultedinTPRbeingusedsuccessfullyinthousandsofclassroomswithchildrenandadultslearninglanguagessuchasEnglish,Spanish,French,German,Chinese,Korean,Japanese,Arabic,Hebrew,andeventhesignlanguageofthedeaf!TPRisbasedonthepremisethatthehumanbrainhasabiologicalprogramfora
8、cquiringanynaturallanguageonearth—includingthesignlanguageofthedeaf.Theprocessisvisiblewh
