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1、SystemsEngineeringReview系统工程Chapter1IntroductiontoSystemsEngineering1.1AttributesCharacterizingSystems(1)FourBasicAttributesoftheSystem(1)Assemblage(集合).Asystemconsistsofanumberofdistinguishableunits(elements,components,factors,subsystems,etc.),whichmaybephysicalorconc
2、eptual,naturalorartificial.ForExample,Considerauniversityasasystemforproducingeducatedgraduates.Someofthepartsoftheuniversitysystemarestructuralorstaticcomponents,suchasuniversitybuildings.Asthesystemisoperating,thesestructuralcomponentsusuallydonotchangemuch.Operating
3、componentsaredynamicandperformprocessingsuchastheprofessorsinauniversitywhoteachstudents.Flowcomponentsareoftenmaterial,energy,orinformation;butinthisexample,studentsarethepartsthatflowormatriculatethroughtheuniversitysystem(2)Relationship.Severalunitsassembledtogether
4、aremerelya'group'ora'set.'Forsuchagrouptobeadmissibleasasystem,arelationshiporaninteractionmustexistamongtheunits.Thesystemspointofviewalsorecognizesthataproblemanditssolutionhavemanyelementsorcomponents,andtherearemanydifferentrelationsamongthem.Forexample,gradesareon
5、emechanism（机制）forinteractionbetweenprofessorsandstudents.Gradesserveapurpose,intendedornot.1.1.1FourBasicAttributesoftheSystem1.1.1FourBasicAttributesoftheSystem(3)Goal-seeking.Anactualsystemasawholeperformsacertainfunctionoraimsatsingleormultipleobjectives.Whereverthe
6、seobjectivesareattainedattheirmaximum/minimumlevels,systemoptimizationissaidtohavebeenperformed.Anobjectivethatismeasurablebyanymeansiscalledagoal/target.Forexample：A'manufacturingsystem'effectivelyconvertsresourcesofproductionintoproducedgoods(products),attaininganobj
7、ectivethatcreateshighutilitiesbyaddingvaluestotherawmaterials,resultinginsuperiorquality,costanddelivery.1.1.1FourBasicAttributesoftheSystem(4)Adaptabilitytoenvironment.Aspecific,factualsystembehavessoastoadapttothechangeinitssurroundings,orexternalenvironment.Forexamp
8、le，A'businesssystem'isaself-organizingsystem,inthatitgeneratesadiversifiedvarietyofactivities,resultingineconomiesofs
