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1、SystemsEngineeringReview系统工程Chapter1IntroductiontoSystemsEngineering1.1AttributesCharacterizingSystems(1)FourBasicAttributesoftheSystem(1)Assemblage(集合).Asystemconsistsofanumberofdistinguishableunits(elements,components,factors,subsystems,etc.),whichmaybephysicalorc
2、onceptual,naturalorartificial.ForExample,Considerauniversityasasystemforproducingeducatedgraduates.Someofthepartsoftheuniversitysystemarestructuralorstaticcomponents,suchasuniversitybuildings.Asthesystemisoperating,thesestructuralcomponentsusuallydonotchangemuch.Ope
3、ratingcomponentsaredynamicandperformprocessingsuchastheprofessorsinauniversitywhoteachstudents.Flowcomponentsareoftenmaterial,energy,orinformation;butinthisexample,studentsarethepartsthatflowormatriculatethroughtheuniversitysystem(2)Relationship.Severalunitsassemble
4、dtogetheraremerelya'group'ora'set.'Forsuchagrouptobeadmissibleasasystem,arelationshiporaninteractionmustexistamongtheunits.Thesystemspointofviewalsorecognizesthataproblemanditssolutionhavemanyelementsorcomponents,andtherearemanydifferentrelationsamongthem.Forexample
5、,gradesareonemechanism（机制）forinteractionbetweenprofessorsandstudents.Gradesserveapurpose,intendedornot.1.1.1FourBasicAttributesoftheSystem1.1.1FourBasicAttributesoftheSystem(3)Goal-seeking.Anactualsystemasawholeperformsacertainfunctionoraimsatsingleormultipleobjecti
6、ves.Wherevertheseobjectivesareattainedattheirmaximum/minimumlevels,systemoptimizationissaidtohavebeenperformed.Anobjectivethatismeasurablebyanymeansiscalledagoal/target.Forexample：A'manufacturingsystem'effectivelyconvertsresourcesofproductionintoproducedgoods(produc
7、ts),attaininganobjectivethatcreateshighutilitiesbyaddingvaluestotherawmaterials,resultinginsuperiorquality,costanddelivery.1.1.1FourBasicAttributesoftheSystem(4)Adaptabilitytoenvironment.Aspecific,factualsystembehavessoastoadapttothechangeinitssurroundings,orexterna
8、lenvironment.Forexample，A'businesssystem'isaself-organizingsystem,inthatitgeneratesadiversifiedvarietyofactivities,resultingineconomiesofs
