A New Concise Course on Linguistics 专八语言学.ppt

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1、ANewConciseCourseonLinguisticsforStudentsofEnglishLectureNotesby:SuXiaojunIntroductionLinguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.Linguisticsvs.TraditionalGrammarLinguisticsisdescriptive,notprescriptive.Linguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewri

2、tten.LinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammarinthatitdoesnotforcelanguagesintoaLatin-basedframework.WhatIsLanguageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.5designfeaturesoflanguage:Arbitrariness:Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenme

3、aningandsounds.Productivity/creativity:Itmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Duality:Thesystemoflanguageconsistsoftwosetsofstructuresortwolevels.Displacement:Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituatio

4、nsofthespeaker.Culturaltransmission:Languageispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthroughteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyinstinct.PhonologyPhonetics:thestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage.Phonology:thestudyofthesoundsystemoflanguage—establishanddescribephoneme

5、sofalanguage;howsoundsareaffectedbythecombinationofwords;theinvestigationofintonationpatterns.PhoneticsArticulatoryphonetics:studiesthehumanspeechorgansandthewayinwhichthespeechsoundsareproduced.Acousticphonetics:dealswiththephysicalpropertiesofthespeechs

6、ounds.Auditoryphonetics:thestudyoftheperceptionofsoundsbythehumanear.TheInternationalPhoneticAlphabetBroadtranscription:phonetictranscriptionwithoutdiacritics.Narrowtranscription:phonetictranscriptionwithdiacritics.Diacritics:symbolsusedtoshowdetailedarti

7、culatoryfeatures.3MajorArticulatoryVariables:Voicing,Nasality,AspirationClassificationofEnglishconsonants:Manner（方法）ofarticulation:stops/plosives（塞音）;fricatives（摩擦音）；affricates（塞擦音）；liquids（流音）；nasals（鼻音）；glides（音渡）.Place（部位）ofarticulation:bilabial(双唇音)，l

8、abiodental（唇齿音），dental（齿音），alveolar（齿龈音），palatal（腭音）velar（软腭音）glottal（喉音）.ClassificationofVowelsfrontvowels,centralvowels,backvowels.roundedvowels,unroundedvowels.closevowels,semi-closevowels,semi-openvowels,openvow