专八人文知识完全版语言学linguistics

《专八人文知识完全版语言学linguistics》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在工程资料-天天文库。

1、AGlossaryofLinguisticTerms(1)accusative  Seecase.active  Anactivesentenceisonewhichhasabasicpatternlikethemanisrunningorthedogbitthecat,i.e.itdescribeswhatonething(thesubject)does,oftentoanotherthing(theobject).Theverbinanactivesentencecanbesaidtobein

2、theactivemood.Seealsopassive.adjective  Awordwhichqualifiesorfurtherdescribesanounornounphrase.ExamplesarecolourlessandgreenwhichqualifyideasinColourlessgreenideassleepfuriously.adverb  Awordwhichqualifiesorfurtherdescribesaverb.Examplesarefuriouslywh

3、ichqualifiessleepinColourlessgreenideassleepfuriously,orintenselywhichqualifiesstaredinHestaredatmeintensely.Adverbscanalsoqualifyadjectives,e.g.astonishinglyinanastonishinglyvividcolour,orotheradverbs,e.g.extremelyinthephraseextremelyslowly.ManyEngli

4、shadverbsareformedfromanadjectiveplustheending-ly.Wordslikeverywhichcanonlyqualifyadjectivesoradverbsbutnotverbsaresometimescalledadverbs,butareperhapsbestputinaseparatecategory.affricative  Anaffricativeisaphonewhichcanbethoughtofasaveryrapid,blended

5、sequenceofastopandafricative.Thestopandfricativemustbeproducedinaverysimilarpositionsinthemouth.AnEnglishexampleisthe'chsound'inchoose,whichislikeasequenceofa'tsound'(astop)anda'shsound'(africative).Thephraseswhiteshoesandwhychoose?soundverysimilarwhe

6、nspokenrapidly.IntheIPAanaffricativeisrepresentedbythecorrespondingstopsymbolfollowedbythefricativesymbol.ItisimportanttonotethatthetwosymbolsrepresentaSINGLEphone.agreement  Thesyntaxofanaturallanguageoftenrequiressomewordsinasentencetosharecertaingr

7、ammaticalfeatures,whichcanshowupaschangesinthemorphologyofthewords.Thisiscalledagreement;thewordsaresaidtoagreeintherelevantfeature(s).Forexample,inEnglish,determinersandnounsmustagreeinnumberwithinanounphrase.Thusthiscatisacceptablesincethisandcatare

8、singular,butthesecatisunacceptablesincetheseispluralbutcatissingular.allophone  Eachofthesetofphoneswhichcorrespondtoasinglephonemeofalanguageiscalledanallophone.Allophonesofthesamephonemegenerallyoccurindifferentcontextsandneverdistinguishone