Linguistics语言学归纳

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1、Linguistics1.Thescopeoflinguistics:(abranchoflinguisticsthat….)phonetics（语音学）:thestudyoflinguisticspeechsounds,howtheyareproduced,howtheyareperceived,andtheirphysicalproperties.(studyofthephonicmediumoflanguage)phonology:（音位学）thestudyofhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhow

2、thesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticscommunication.morphology:（形态学）thestudyofthewordstructureandwordformation.syntax:（句法学）isthebranchoflinguisticsthatstudiestherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.semantics:(语义学)thestudyoflinguisticmeaning.pragmatics:（语用学）abranchofling

3、uisticsthatstudiesthecontextoflanguageusetoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.Somedistinctionsinlinguistics:1)Prescriptive&descriptivePrescriptive:aimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuseDescriptive:aimstolaydownrulesfor“correct&standard”behaviorinusinglanguage.(doctor)101

4、)Synchronic&diachronic共时的&历时的Synchronic:thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistory.Diachronic:thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime.2)Langue&parole语言&言语Langue:referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.Parole:referstotherealizati

5、onoflanguageinactualuse.3)Competence&performance语言能力&语言运用Competence:theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguagePerformance:theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Designfeaturesoflanguage:1)arbitrariness:（任意性）meansthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsa

6、ndsounds.2)Productivity:itmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.3)Duality:（双重性）dualityofstructureordoublearticulationoflanguageenablesuserstotalkaboutanythingwithintheirknowledge.4)Displacement:languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediat

7、esituationsofthespeaker.不受时空限制5)Culturaltransmission文化传播（eg:狼孩）102.Functionsoflanguage:1)Descriptivefunction:itisthefunctiontoconveyfactualinformation,whichcanbeassertedordenied,andinsomecasesevenverified.2)Expressivefunction:suppliesinformationabouttheuser’sfeelings,preferences,

8、prejudicesandvalues.3)Socialfunction:ser