Linguistics语言学归纳

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1、Linguistics1.Thescopeoflinguistics:(abranchoflinguisticsthat….)phonetics（语音学）:thestudyoflinguisticspeechsounds,howtheyareproduced,howtheyareperceived,andtheirphysicalproperties.(studyofthephonicmediumoflanguage)phonology:（音位学）thestudyofhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareus

2、edtoconveymeaninginlinguisticscommunication.morphology:（形态学）thestudyofthewordstructureandwordformation.syntax:（句法学）isthebranchoflinguisticsthatstudiestherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.semantics:(语义学)thestudyoflinguisticmeaning.pragmatics:（语用学）abranchoflinguisticsthatstudiesthecontextofla

3、nguageusetoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.Somedistinctionsinlinguistics:1)Prescriptive&descriptivePrescriptive:aimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuseDescriptive:aimstolaydownrulesfor“correct&standard”behaviorinusinglanguage.(doctor)101)Synchronic&diachronic共时的&历时的Synchronic:thedescr

4、iptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistory.Diachronic:thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime.2)Langue&parole语言&言语Langue:referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.Parole:referstotherealizationoflanguageinactualuse.3)Competence&performance语言能力&语言运用Compete

5、nce:theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguagePerformance:theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Designfeaturesoflanguage:1)arbitrariness:（任意性）meansthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.2)Productivity:itmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsign

6、alsbyitsusers.3)Duality:（双重性）dualityofstructureordoublearticulationoflanguageenablesuserstotalkaboutanythingwithintheirknowledge.4)Displacement:languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.不受时空限制5)Culturaltransmission文化传播（eg:狼孩）102.Functionsoflanguage:1)Descrip

7、tivefunction:itisthefunctiontoconveyfactualinformation,whichcanbeassertedordenied,andinsomecasesevenverified.2)Expressivefunction:suppliesinformationabouttheuser’sfeelings,preferences,prejudicesandvalues.3)Socialfunction:ser