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1、TextualSelection1、When,atthebeginningofTheIliad-andWesternliterature-KingAgamemnonstealsAchilles'slave-girl,Briseis,thekingtellstheworld'sgreatestwarriorthatheisdoingso"toletyouknowthatIammorepowerfulthanyou,andtoteachothersnottobandywordswithmeopenlydefytheirking"'.ButliteraryscholarJonathanGott
2、schallbelievesthatthetruefocusofHomer'sepicisnotroyalauthority,butroyalgenes.2、Gottschallisoneofagroupofresearchers,callingthemselvesliteraryDarwinists,devotedtostudyingliteratureusingtheconceptsofevolutionarybiologyandtheempirical,quantitativemethodsofthesciences."WomeninHomerarenotaproxyforstat
3、usandhonour;saysGottschall."Atbottom,themeninthestoriesaremotivatedbyreproductiveconcerns.EveryHomericraidinvolveskillingthemenandabductingthewomen:'Theviolentworldoftheepics,hesays,reflectsasocietywheremenfoughtforscarcematesandchieftainshadaccesstoasmanywomenasslavesandconcubines.Andhethinkstha
4、teverythingwrittensinceHomerisopentosimilaranalysis.3、LiteraryDarwinismisamodeofanalysis;it'salsoabitofacrusade,anattempttoshakeupliterarycriticism."Literarytheoryrequiresatheoryofhumannature,becauseliteratureisshapedbyhumanmotivesandcognitivebiases;saysJosephCarrolloftheUniversityofMissouri,StLo
5、uis.Theproblem,saytheliteraryDarwinists,isthatforthepastfewdecadesthehumanitieshave,inthecaseofcriticsdeconstructingtexts,deniedtheneedforatheoryofhumannature,assertingthatthestudyoftextscanbeconcernedwithnothingoutsidethosetexts.Orelsetheyhavebeenstuckontheoriesofhumannaturethatarerootedinthesub
6、jectiveandthesocial.4、ThoseinfluencedbyFreudianism,forexample,mightreadanovellookingforhintsofachild'ssexualdesireforitsparent.AMarxistwouldseekouteconomicandclassconflicts.Carrollhasnotruckwiththis:"Thetheoriesuptothispointhaveallhadalittlebitofthetruth,buthavealsoallbeenfundamentallyflawed;hesa
7、ys."Nonecomestotermswiththefundamentalfactsofhumanevolution."5、Literarydarwinistsbelievethatliteraturereflectsauniversalhumannatureshapedbynaturalselection,andasaresult,readtextsintermsofanimalconcernssuchasmatechoice,
