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1、TextanddiscourseObjectives:ToanalyzethecohesivedevicesandunderstandthetextstructureCohesivedevices,coherence,textpatternText:Atextisanypassage,spokenorwritten,ofwhateverlength,thatformsaunifiedwhole.Atextisrealizedbyasequenceoflanguageunits,whethertheyaresentencesornot.Theconn
2、ectionamongpartsofatextisachievedbyvariouscohesivedevices,andbysemanticandpragmaticimplication.Atextcanbebigorsmall.Help!Stop!Nosmoking!Noadmittance!CohesionAtextismadeupofsentences.Thenquestionsariseastohowthesentencesarelinkedtogetherinatext.HallidayandHasan(1976)dividetheli
3、nksintofivetypes:Reference,substitution,ellipsis,conjunctionandlexcalcohesion.ReferenceSomeunitsoflanguagecanonlybeexplainedbyreferringtosomeotherelementsintheabovetextorinthetextbelow.Suchphenomenoniscalledreference.Threetypesofreference:personalreference,demonstrativereferen
4、ce,andcomparativereferencePersonalreferencereferstothephenomenonthatanitemsandsforaperson,suchashe,she,we,etc.Demonstrativereferencereferstothephenomenonthatanitemstandforathingorconceptintheimmediatecontextorknownbyboththespeakerandthelistener,suchasthis,that,here,then,those,
5、etc.Comparativereferencereferstothephenomenonthatoneitemiscomparedwithanother,suchasthesame,different,as…as,etc.Patriciatossedherheadandherhatfelloveroneeye.Asshestraightenedherhat,“Youcomeandsitdownhere,ArnoldMathews,you’vegotsomequestionstoanswer!”shesaidinherwashing-dayvoic
6、e.“writing“dearheart”tousboth”,saidPatriciaangrily.“didheevertakeoffyourshoesandpullyourtoesand—”“no,no,youmustn’t,don’tgoon,youmustn’tspeaklikethat!”Edithputherfingerstohercheeks.Context-boundtextExcuseme,Ihatetodothis,butI’mbringitback‘causeit’sstale.Ow,well.I’llmakeyouanoth
7、erone.Ok,thanksalot.Ikindafeelbaddoingthatbut…Isthatmoretoyourliking?Yeah.Oh,well,Ifeelrottenbringitback.AContext-boundtextrequiressharedknowledgeofthepresentsituation,andofthesubjectmatterofthetext.AContext-freetextTheyareplayingfootballandhekicksitanditgoesthroughthereitbrea
8、ksthewindowandthey’relookingatitandhecomesoutandshoutsatthemb
