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1、外文翻译原文Industryclusterofdifferenttheoriesofjudgment:sexualunscrambleMaterial:http://www.free.com2.1StandardAgglomerationTheorv.FromMarshallOnwardsMarshall,inhiswritingsonSheffield.LancashireandotherBritishregions,viewedthemainsourceofexternaleconomiesasthecommons,theinfrastructure
2、andotherservicesfromwhicheachindividualfirminanindustrialdistrictmightdraw.Examplesinclude,inmodernterminology,improvedjobmatching,morefavorableaccesstocapitalfinanceandinter-firmlabormigration.Theavailabilityofsuchcommonresourcestoanumberoffirmsthenenhancestheirsizeanddiversitya
3、sbothcapitalandlaborareattractedtosuchareastoexploitthelargermarketsfortheirservices.Thisinturnleadstoreductionsinfactorpricesandincreasesinfactorproductivities.Thesearethewaysinwhichtheexternalbenefittofirmsofalocationintheindustrialdistrictmanifestsitself.Unitproductioncostswil
4、lbelowerwithintheindustrialdistrictoutwithit.Paralleltohisstudiesofindustrialorganization,inthevariouseditionsofhisPrincipleofEconomices,Marshallhelpeddevelopwhatwastobecomestandardagglomerationtheory.Thiswasthenbuiltuponsubsequentlybyanumberofwriters.Forexampie,Scitovskyidentifi
5、edafurthercategoryofpecuniaryexternaleconomies,Perrouscontributedhisfamoustheoryofgrowthpoles,andChinitzappliedthenotionofagglomerationeconomiestotheeconomicdevelopmentofNewYorkandPittsburgh.Morerecently,Krugmanhasemphasizedtheimportanceofincreasingreturnasasafavorableconditionfo
6、rthedevelopmentofexternaleconomies.Portercanalsobeunderstoodasbelongingtothislineageinthesensethatexternaleconomiesmakeupmanyofthekeyrelationshipswinthhisfamousdiamond.Standardagglomerationtheoryprovidesanexpianationofwhyfirmsmightclustertogether,sharingacommonsofbusinessservicea
7、ndadiversifiedlabourforce,andformingextensivelocallinkageswithotherfirms.However,itconformstoneo-classicaltheoryinthatlocaleconomiesareviewedascollectionsofstomisticbusinesses,awareofoneanothersolelythroughtheintermediationofpricesingnals.Firmscontinuetocompetewitheachotheralthon
8、gMarshallwaskeentowarnoftherisksthatfirm
