对外贸易结构【外文翻译】

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1、外文翻译原文TheStructureofForeignTradeMaterialSource:JournalofEconomicPerspectivesAuthor:ElhananHelpmanWorldmerchandiseexportsamountedto$5.3trillionin1997andexportsofcommercialservicesamountedto$1.3trillion.Theseareunprecedentedvolumesthathaveexpandedmuchfas

2、terthanincomeinthepostwarperiod.Whiletradegrewatanannualrateof2.6percentduringthisperiod,outputgrewatonly1.5percent.Morethanhalfofthevolumeofmerchandisetradeflowsamongstdevelopedcountriesandlessthan15percentflowsamongstdevelopingcountries.Therest,about

3、onethird,representsNorth-Southtradebetweendevelopedanddevelopingcountries.Whatexplainstheselargevolumesoftrade?Whydosomecountriesexportcomputerswhileothersexportfootwear?Canexportsofairplanesbeexplainedinthesamewayasexportsofpaperproducts?Questionsofth

4、istypehavebeenexaminedformanyyears.Inattemptingtoanswerthem,economistshavedevelopedanelaborateanalyticalapparatusthathasbeengreatlyenrichedinthelasttwodecades.Theyhaveusedtheinsightsfromtradetheorytoexamineeverricherdatasetsinordertodiscoversystematicp

5、atternsoftradeflowsandtoevaluatehowwellavailabletheoriesmatchthesedata.Nevertheless,althoughwedohavetodaybetteranswerstosomeofthesequestionsthanourpredecessorshad40yearsago,theevolvingstructureofworldtradedefiessimpleexplanations.Idescribeinthispaperwh

6、atweknowaboutforeigntradeandinwhatwaysourunderstandinghasimprovedasaresultofthelast20yearsofresearch.Thetwo-factortwo-sectorversionoftheHeckscher-Ohlintheorywasextendedinthe1960sand’70s;Ethier(1984)offersareviewoftheliteratureatthistime.Thesestudieshad

7、avarietyofpurposes,butwhatiscentralforthispaperisthefactthatfromthesestudiesgrewasurprisinglysimpletheoreticalspecification,inwhichtwotypesofrelationshipscouldprovidetheunderpinningforananalysisofthegeneralizedHeckscher-Ohlintheory.Thesetwosetsoffundam

8、entalrelationshipsimplyempiricalspecifications.Eachcountry’sproductionofanygoodisdeterminedbyitsprimaryfactorendowments,whileeachcountry’sconsumptionofgoodsisdeterminedbyoverallspending.Exportswillbethoseproductswherethecountryproducesm