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1、外文翻译原文HardandSoftNetworksforUrbanCompetitivenessMaterialSource:UrbanStudies,Vol.39,Nos5–6,929–945,2002Author:EdwardJ.MaleckiCompetitiveCities?Thecompetitivenessofplaces—localities,regionsandnations—referstotheabilityofthelocaleconomyandsocietytoprovideanincreas
2、ingstandardoflivingforitsinhabitants(Malecki,2000a).Inwhatsensearesomecitiescompetitive,whileothersarenot?Theabilitytobe‘sticky’ortoattractbothinvestmentandtalentedmigrants—“tosustaintheirattractivenesstobothlaborandcapital”(Markusen,1996,p.293)—isessential.The
3、abilitytocreateandsustainjobswithadequatepaylevelsisatypicaloutputcriterionofcompetitiveness.Thisabilityincludesnotonlyinwardinvestmentintheconventionalformsofofficesandmanufacturingplants,butalsointernationaltourismandlocalentrepreneurship(Fry,1995).Mostresear
4、choncompetitionamongplacesbuildsuponPorter’s(1990)‘diamond’modelofcompetitiveness(HealeyandDunham,1994;Kresl,1995).Althoughtheremaybelittleinthemodelthatdeterminessuccessfullocaldevelopment(Simmie,1997),thestructuredframeworkofthediamondmodelandthesimplecheckli
5、stitrepresentsareattractivetolocalgroupsandcertainlyarebetterthanlesssystematiclocalstrategiesthatfocusonlowcostsandlowtaxes.Kresl(1995)hasdividedthedeterminantsintotwotypes:economicandstrategic.Economicdeterminantsincludefactorsofproduction,infrastructure,loca
6、tion,economicstructureandurbanamenities.Strategicdeterminantsincludegovernmentaleffectiveness,urbanstrategy,public–privatesectorco-operationandinstitutionalflexibility.Inoneofthefewanalysesofthisframework,someoftheeconomicdeterminants—researchcentres,university
7、-educatedworkersandtheeducationalattainmentoftheresidentpopulation—contributesignificantlytourbancompetitiveness(KreslandSingh,1999).Thesecharacteristicsdonotemergebythemselves,ofcourse,butarethecumulativeoutcomesoflocaluniversities,researchrelatedestablishment
8、sintheareaandasetofamenitiesthatappealtoadiscerning,highconsumptionpopulation(Florida,2000;MaleckiandBradbury,1992).Culturalactivitiesandamenitiesareincreasinglyseenasacentr
