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1、Lecture6Morphology(II)I.DefinitionofwordII.TheclassificationofwordsIII.TheformationofwordsIV.lexicalchangei)phonologicalchangeii)semanticchangeiii)morpho-syntacticchangeiv)orthographicchangeI.Definitionofwords1)aphysicaldefinableunit词是自然的有界限的对立单位:wordmaybeseenasacluster（set）ofs
2、oundsegmentsorlettersbetweentwopausesorblanks.ProblemofthisdefinitonItiswonderfulIt’swonderful2)ThecommonfactorunderlyingasetofformsToavoidtheambiguity模棱两可of“word”,Lexeme词位ispostulated假定,whichisawordinanabstractsense.eat,eats,ate,eaten,eatingthesefivewordformshaveonelexeme“EAT”
3、.3)AgrammaticalunitMorpheme词素4、ewordremainsrelativelyconstant.Variablewords:Nouns,verbs,adjectives,pronouns代词Invariablewordsreferstothosewordsthatdonothaveinflectionalendings.Forexample:since,when,why,that,if,through,by.无屈折后缀2)grammaticalwordsandlexicalwords文法字、词汇学词Grammaticalwords:wordsexpressinggrammatical
5、meanings,suchas,conjunctions,prepositions,articles,andpronouns.alsotermedfunctionwords.文法词也可称为功能词Lexicalwords:wordshavinglexicalmeanings,suchasnouns,verbs,adjectives,andadverbs.alsocalledcontentwords.实意词3)ClosedclasswordsandopenclasswordsClosedclasswordsrefertothosewordswhoseme
6、mbershipisfixedandlimited.Pronouns,prepositions,conjunctions,articlesOpenclasswordsrefertothosewordswhosemembershipisinprincipleinfiniteorunlimited.Nouns,verbs,adjectives,andmanyadverbs4)WordclassParticle小品词Infinitivemarkertonegativemarkernotsubordinateunitsinphrasal短语动词的从属单位，如
7、getby过活，doup捆好，lookback回忆？verbs:getby,doupAuxiliary助词can,must,needdo,has,willPro-form代词形式/替代形式Pro-adjective代形容词，yourpenisred.Soismine.Pro-verb代动词，heknowsenglishbetterthanhedid.Pro-adverb代副词，hehopeshe'llwinandihopesotoo.Pro-locative位置格,jame'shidingthere,behindthedoor.Determiners
8、限定词Predeterminer前卫限定词:all,both,double,twiceCentraldete
