Lecture 04 Morphology1

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1、CompoundingMorphologyDefinitionMorphologyisabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.Morpheme:Itisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.Typesofmorphemes:Freemorphemes:Freemorphemesarethemorphemeswhicharefreeinth

2、esensethattheyareindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselves.Boundmorphemes:Boundmorphemesarethosethatcannotbeusedindependently,buthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.WordFormationCompounding,Blending,Backformat

3、ion,ShorteningCompoundingisaprocessofwordformationbywhichtwoindependentwordsareputtogethertomakeoneword.ThewordformedinthiswayiscalledcompoundA.Accordingtoorthographiccriterion,compoundsarewritteninthreeways:1)solid,suchasbedtime2)hyphenated,suchasabove-m

4、entioned3)open,suchasreadingmaterialPhonologically,compoundscanoftenbeidentifiedashavingamainstressonthefirstelementandasecondarystressonthesecondelement.`old/friends`new/friends`pure/scientistsSemantically,compoundscanoftenbeidentifiedas“havingameaningwh

5、ichmayberelatedtobutcannotsimplybeinferredfromthemeaningofitsparts.Adarkroomisnotjustaroomthatisdark,ratheraroomusedforphotographicprocessing.1.NounCompoundsInpolitics:ahotline:atelephonelineforswiftcommunicationinemergenciesbetweenMoscowandWashington.(热线

6、)hard-liner:apersonfollowinganuncompromisingorextremepolicyIneconomics:unitpricing:thepricingofacommodityexpressedperunitofweight,volume,etc.(单价与兑价分标法)siegeeconomics:extremelystricteconomicalmeasures(极其严格的节约措施)Inmilitaryfields:cruisemissile:alow-flyingsub

7、sonicguidedmissile(巡航导弹)laserbomb:bombguidedbylaser激光导弹fox-bat(狐蝠式战斗机)Inscienceandtechnology:blackhole:ahypotheticalcelestialregionformedfromacollapsedstar.(黑洞)biologicalclock:inherentmechanismthatregulatescyclicphysiologicalprocessinalivingorganism.(生物钟)

8、strobelight:higherintensityflashinglight频闪放电管Insociallife:Identitycrisis:astateofpsychologicalconfusioninone'spersonality.个性危机grouptherapy:thetreatmentofagroupofpatientsinregularsessionswhereproblemsaresharedingroup