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1、文献出处：KennedyS,SgouridisS.RigorousclassificationandcarbonaccountingprinciplesforlowandZeroCarbonCities[J].EnergyPolicy,2011,39(9):5259-5268.RigorousclassificationandcarbonaccountingprinciplesforlowandZeroCarbonCitiesScottKennedy,SgourisSgouridisAbstractAlargenumberofcommunities,newdevel
2、opments,andregionsaimtolowertheircarbonfootprintandaspiretobecome"zerocarbon55or"CarbonNeutral/9Yetthereareneithercleardefinitionsforthescopeofemissionsthatsuchalabelwouldaddressonanurbanscale,noristhereaprocessforqualifyingthecarbonreductionclaims.Thispaperaddressesthequestionofhowtod
3、efineazerocarbon,LowCarbon,orCarbonNeutralurbandevelopmentbyproposinghierarchicalemissionscategorieswiththreelevels:InternalEmissionsbasedonthegeographicalboundary,externalemissionsdirectlycausedbycoremunicipalactivities,andinternalorexternalemissionsduetonon-coreactivities.Eachlevelim
4、pliesadifferentcarbonmanagementstrategy(eliminating,balancing,andminimizing,respectively)neededtomeetaNetZeroCarbondesignation.Thetrade-offs,implications,anddifficultiesofimplementingcarbondebtaccountingbaseduponthesedefinitionsarefurtheranalyzed.Keywords:Sustainablecommunity;Eco-city;
5、Zerocarbon1.IntroductionCitiesintheircurrentformareanevolvedsolutionthatincreasessocietalwealthunderresourceconstraintsthrough'economies^ofscale,scope,andinnovation.Thedeliberatedesignoftheurbanenvironmenttoaccommodateconstrainedaccesstoresources(e.g.,electricity,vehiclefuel,food,durab
6、les,andconsumables)hasfrequentlybeenlacking,asevidencedbythemasterplannedororganicgrowthcitiesofthepastcentury.Thescaleandformoftheurbanenvironmenthaschangeddrasticallywiththeavailabilityofaffordableandenergy-denseresourcesmovingfromcompacturbancorestoextensiveurbansprawl.However,asthe
7、majorityoftheseresourcesdependdirectlyorindirectlyonclimate-impactingandreserve-limitedfossilfuels,therealizationthatresourceaccessinthefuturemaybecomemarkedlymoreconstrainedhasledtoanumberofeffortstoexplicitlymeasureandmitigatethefossil-fueldependenceoftheurbanenvironment.Carbonaspi
