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1、(Mal)DevelopmentinCentralAmerica:GlobalizationandSocialChangeWilliamI.RobinsonABSTRACTThisarticledevelopsaglobalizationframeworkandamodeloftransnationalprocessesforanalysingsocialchangeanddevelopment,andthenappliesthemodeltoCentralAmerica.Theanalysisemphasizesdeterminacy,inthelastinsta
2、nce,ofsocialforcesinhistoricdevelopmentaloutcomes,anddocumentshowsocialforcesinstrugglesinanemergenttransnationalenvironmenthaveshapedCentralAmerica'schangingpro®lewithintheglobaleconomyandsociety.Revolutionarymovements,anewclassstructure,USgeo-politicalconsiderations,andtheinternation
3、alizationofEastAsianeconomies,haveallcontributedtoanewmodelofdevelopment;fromthe1960sintothe1990sthenationalmodelofdevelopmentisbeingreplacedbyatransnationalmodel.Maquiladoragarmentproduction,tourism,non-traditionalagricul-turalexports,andremittancesfromemigrantworkersarecomingtoeclips
4、etraditionalagro-exportsasthemostdynamiceconomicsectorslinkingtheregiontoglobalizedcircuitsofproductionanddistribution.ThearticlealsoexaminesCentralAmericanmigrationtotheUSandgenderdimensionsofthenewtransnationalmodelofdevelopment.INTRODUCTIONThisarticleisconcernedwithglobalizationandt
5、ransnationalprocesses,andwithhowtheseprocessesmayhelpexplaindevelopmentandsocialchangeinCentralAmericainrecentdecades.Theeconomies,states,polities,classstructure,andexternalrelationsofthe®veCentralAmericanrepublics(CostaRica,Guatemala,ElSalvador,HondurasandNicaragua)werefundamentallytr
6、ansformedbetweenthe1960sandthe1990s.MuchoftheliteratureonCentralAmericahasfocusedononeoranotherdimensionofchange,suchaseconomicrestructuring,thearmedcon¯ictsofthe1980s,thepeaceprocessesoftheearly1990s,`democratization',newsocialmovements,andsoon.Analysisofspeci®cdimensionsofsocialchang
7、eisveryuseful,butIamcon-cernedherewiththeworldwidehistoricalprocessesandthedeeperstructuralforcesthatinformthesemoreconjuncturalchanges.Presentinga`bigpicture'IwouldliketothankKentNorsworthy,AsafaJalata,GiocondaRobinson,KevinRobinson,andthreeanonymousreviewersforcriticalcommentsonear