Robinson WI - Transformative Possibilities in Latin America

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1、1TRANSFORMATIVEPOSSIBILITIESINLATINAMERICAWILLIAMI.ROBINSONLatinAmericahasbeenthecuttingedgeofstrugglesworldwideagainstneoliberalism.Severalalternativestothedominantmodelofglobalcapi-talismappeartobeemergingintheregion.Anewmodelofrevolutionarystruggleandpopulartransformationfrombelowforthe21

2、stcenturymaybeemerging,basedontheVenezuelanexperience,butmorebroadly,onmasspopularstrugglesinEcuador,Bolivia,andelsewhere.Yetglobalcapitalhasbeenabletobluntsomeofthesestrugglesfromaboveandareformistblocalliedwithglobalcapitalseemstobecompetingtoshapeapost-neoliberalera.Neoliberalism,weshould

3、recall,isbutonemodelofglobalcapitalism;re-sistancetothismodelisnotnecessarilyresistancetoglobalcapitalism.Behindtheso-called‘pinktide’thathasswepttheregionarecompetingconfigura-tionsofsocialandclassforces,ideologies,programsandpolicies.Thecross-roadthatLatinAmericahasreachedisnotabout‘reformv

4、ersusrevolution’asmuchasitisaboutwhatsocialandpoliticalforceswillachievehegemonyovertheanti-neoliberalstruggleandwhatkindofprojectwillreplacetheorthodoxprogramsthathaveravagedtheregionoverthepast25years.Aslongasneoliberalismreignedsupremeandtheneoliberalstatesre-mainedimpenetrablefortressest

5、herefusaltodealwithstatepowerappearedreasonable.Theneoliberalnationalstateisnotaspaceforengaginginpoli-tics;itisanapparatusforthetechnocraticadministrationoftransnationalcapitalaccumulation,infrastructure,andsocialcontrol.Butwhatisthehis-toricalcontexthere?ThedominantgroupsinLatinAmericareco

6、nstitutedandconsolidatedtheircontroloverpoliticalsocietyinthe1980sand1990s,butthenewroundofpopularclassmobilizationinthe1990sandearly21stcenturypointedtotheirinabilitytosustainhegemonyincivilsociety.Therenewalofpoliticalactivismbysubordinategroupsatthegrassrootslevelhasbeenoutsideofstatestru

7、cturesandlargelyindependentoforganizedleftparties.Grassrootssocialmovementsflourishedincivilsocietyatatime2whentheorganizedleftoperatinginpoliticalsocietywasunabletoarticu-lateacounter-hegemonicalternative.Thefailureofthelefttoleadaprocessofstructur