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1、LatinAmericaintheAgeofInequality:ConfrontingtheNewUtopiaWilliamI.RobinsonIftheimmediateeffectofachangeisdeleterious,then,untilprooftothecontrary,thefinaleffectisdeleterious.—KarlPolanyihegalesofglobalcapitalismhavehitLatinAmericahard.TheregionhasTbeenravagedbyanewmarketaparthe
2、idcharacterizedbyastrikingcontradiction.Socialmovementsofeverytypehaveproliferatedinanincreasinglydensecivilsocietyandarevibrantprotagonists.Buttheaccomplish-mentsofsocialmovementsinorganizingthepopularclasseshavenotbeenmatchedbyanabilitytooffsetthedramaticsharpeningofsocialin
3、equalities,increasedpolarization,andthegrowthofpovertybroughtaboutbyglobalization.Howdoweaccountforthisparadox?Iwillarguethatbyliberatingtransnationalcapitalfromthecompromisesandcommitmentsplacedonitbydiversesocialforcesinthenation-statephaseofworldcapitalism,globalizationhasd
4、ramaticallyalteredthebalanceamongclassandsocialforcesineachnation.Thishasoccurredattheglobal-systemlevel,awayfrompopularmajoritiesandtowardtransnationalcapitalanditsrepresenta-tives.Theexerciseofreal(structuralanddirect)powerhasincreasinglyshiftedawayfromcivilandpoliticalsocie
5、tiesinnation-statesandspecificregionstotheglobalsystem.Thisisthestructuralcontextoftheparadox:therealabilityofsocialmovementstointercedeandforcechangeinnationalandregionalsocialstructureshasdeclined.LatinAmericansocialmovementshavebeguntotransnationalize.Yet,howmuchwilltheybea
6、bletointercedeinemergenttransnationalcivilandpoliticalsocietyasthereallocusofchangeintheageofglobalization,andhowmightthischangeincreasetheirabilitytoforcestructuralchange?©1999InternationalStudiesAssociationPublishedbyBlackwellPublishers,350MainStreet,Malden,MA02148,USA,and10
7、8CowleyRoad,OxfordOX41JF,UK.42WilliamI.RobinsonGlobalizationandtheLiberationofCapitalfromNation-StateConstraintsInhismasterstudy,TheGreatTransformation,KarlPolanyisummeduptheprevioushistoricchangeintherelationshipbetweenthestateandcapital,andsocietyandmarketforces,thattookplac
8、ewiththematurationofnationalcapitalisminthenineteenthandthefi
