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1、Lecture2 Englishvs.ChineseIntroductionareflectionofculturaldifferencesEnglishandChinesebelongtotwodistinctlanguagefamilies:English―theIndo-EuropeanfamilyChinese―theSino-TibetanfamilyFarmoredifferencesthansimilarities:#Similarities:synthetic-analyticlanguage(Engl
2、ish)analyticlanguage(Chinese)#Differences:reflectedatthreelevels(lexical,syntactic,textual)DifferencesattheWordLevel(1)Inflectional(English)vs.Non-inflectional(Chinese)Englishnouns/pronouns:gender,number,case,etc.Englishverbs:tense,aspect,voice,mood,etc.e.g.Weho
3、pedthatyouwouldcome.Wewerehopingthatyouwouldcome.e.g.Ithasbeennotedthatthosewholive,orhavelived,intheshadowofdeathbringamellowsweetnesstoeverythingtheydo.A:大家看到凡是起死回生的人或者幸免一死的人，他们对所做的任何事情，总是兴趣盎然。B:人们已经注意到大凡受到死亡威胁的人或是死里逃生的人对于他们做干的事情总是兴趣盎然。DifferencesattheWordLeve
4、l(1)TranslationofPluralEnglishNounsPluralconceptEnglish:inflectionChinese:words1)Omittingthepluralmeaning2)Supplyingadditionalwords(esp.numeralsandunitwords)e.g.Hestretchedhislegswhichwerescatteredwithscars.他伸出双腿，露出腿上的道道伤疤。e.g.Thelionisthekingofanimals.狮子是百兽之王。e
5、.g.NewsmenwentflyingofftoMexico.记者纷纷飞到墨西哥去了。DifferencesattheWordLevel(2)HeavyUseofPronouns(English)→Brevitye.g.Theshopmanoffersyouathirdapple;but,beforebitingit,youexamineit,andfindthatitishardandgreen,andyouimmediatelysaythatyouwillnothaveit,asitmustbesour.Nomi
6、nalization&Word-Building(English)#Englishhasagreaterpowerofword-buildingthanChinesewiththehelpofitsaffixes.(e.g.deinstitutionalization)#Englishhasapreponderanceofnouns(esp.abstractn.)oververbswhileChinesereliesheavilyonverbs.e.g.Hisacceptanceofbribesledtohisarre
7、st.他因受贿而被捕。e.g.Thatwouldbetheconfirmationthatitwasingeneraluse.这将证实它的使用是十分普遍的。DifferencesattheWordLevel(3)DifferentTypesofFunctionWords#English:articles,prepositions,auxiliaryverbs,connectives#Chinese:particles,propositions,andconnectivesWordMeaning:Moreflexible
8、,morecontext-dependent(English)EnglishwordsgenerallyhaveawidersemanticscopethanChinesecharactersdo,sotheyaremoredependentonthecontextfortheirexactmeaningandspecificus
