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1、Chapter3WordFormationI词语结构13.1Morphemes词素1.themorphemeis‘thesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords’词素是“词语中最小的功能单位”。2.Suffix：-ation：-tion,-sion,-ion.后缀：ation的多变体，当它们有同样的意义和语法功能时它们属于同一个后缀3.Owingtodifferentsoundenvironment因为存在不同的发生环境。3.2Allomorphs（语素变体）同质异晶，同质异象变体1.Morphemesareabstractun
2、its.‘Theyareactualspoken,minimalcarriersofmeaning’语素是抽象的单位,它们实际上是能发音的最小的意义载体.Themorphemeistothemorphwhataphonemeistoaphone:语素是一个音素发音的形素①singlemorphs单一语素词：bird,tree,green,sad,want,desire,Mostmorphemesarerealizedbysinglemorphs,Wordsofthiskindarecalledmonomorphemicwords.大多数语素通过单个的形素实现，语素与词相同叫做单一
3、语素词.Thesemorphemescoincidewithewordsastheycanstandbythemselvesandfunctionfreelyinasentence.Wordsofthiskindarecalledmonomorphemicwords.这些语素与词相同，由于它们能代表含义而且能够在句子中自由起作用。这种词叫做单一语素词②Thepluralmorpheme复数语素：{-s}/s/afterthesounds/t,p,k/packs,cheats,shapes/-z/after/d,b,g,l/beds,bottles,fads/iz/after/s,
4、z,ʃ,ʒ,tʃ,dʒ/classes,dishes,garages,damagesSomemorphemes,however,arerealizedbymorethanonemorphaccordingtotheirpositioninaword.Suchalternativemorphsareknownasallomorphs.一些语素被按照形素在其中排列而认识，那些替换的形素被称为”语素变体”。Allomorphsassuchdonotoccuratrandom,butarephoneticallyconditionedandthuspredictable.语素变体不是随机
5、发生的，是语音条件下可以预测的③zeromorph零形素：deer-deer,fish-fish（Therearecaseswheretheallomorphsofthepluralmorphemeareunusual.Itcanberealizedbythechangeofaninternalvowel某种情况是复数词素的变体不常见。他可以通过内部元音的变化来认知）④thepasttense过去式{-ed}：1）/t/afteraverbendingwith/p,k/worked,helped2）/d/aftervowelsandsoundslike/m,n,ŋ,l/tried
6、,warmed,lived,enabled3）/id/after/t,d/wanted,landedaffixationalmorphemes附加语素Thisprefix:dependingonthefirstsoundofthestemtowhichtheprefixisadded.全看前缀添加所在的首音1)/im/asimproper,immovable,imbalance(Ifthefirstsoundis/p,b,m/）2)/ir/asirreconcilable3)/il/asillegible3.3TypesofMorphemes语素的类型freemorphemesa
7、ndboundmorphemes.自由语素和粘连语素3.3.1FreeMorphemes自由语素1.freemorphemesarefreeroots.自由语素是自由词根Ex：man,earth,wind,car,anger.3.3.2BoundMorphemes粘连语素1.Morphemeswhichcannotoccurasseparatewordsarebound.Theyaresonamedbecausetheyareboundtoothermorphemestoform
