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1、Word-formationWord-formationorword-buildingisthatbranchoflexicologywhichstudiesthepatternsonwhichalanguage,inthiscase,theEnglishlanguage,coinsnewwords.Percentageofnewwordscoinedbythedifferentword-formationprocessesafterWorldWarThethreemajorprocessesofwordformation:CompositionorCompounding
2、Definition:Compoundingisaword-formationprocessconsistingofjoiningtwoormorebasestoformanewunit,acompoundword.Compoundingisthemostproductiveword-formationprocessincontemporaryEnglish.Identitycrisis个性危机stand-upcollar竖领hit-and-runtactics打了就跑的战术spoon-feed填鸭式灌输，娇养糊里糊涂muddle-headed/minded笨嘴笨舌hea
3、vy-tongued无忧无虑carefree饱经风霜weather-beaten/worn令人心碎heart-breaking半死不活dead-alive/dead-and-alive不合时宜ill-timed/badly-timed批量生产mass-produceCompoundsareveryoftenusedbecauseoftheirbrevityandvividness.Forexample,Aschoolboyismoreconcisethan“aboyattendingschool”;“Up-to-the-minuteinformation”ismorevi
4、vidthan“thelatestinformation”;“Theoldmanwouldsitforhours,thinkingsadlyofallthemight-have-beens”ismorecompactandexpressivethan“…thinkingsadlyofthedesirablethingsthatcouldhavehappenedinthepast.”TherelativecriteriaofacompoundwordOrthographiccriterion(书写标准):Compoundsarewritteninthreeways,e.g.
5、solid:airmail;hyphenated:air-conditioning;open:airforce,airraid.Phonologicalcriterion(语音标准):Compoundaccent:asinglestressonthefirstelement;oramainstressonthefirstelementandasecondarystressonthesecondelement.E.g.'blackboard,'blue‘bottle(alargebuzzingflywithbluebody)Normalphraseaccent:asecon
6、darystressonthefirstelementandamainstressonthesecondelement.E.g.‘blue'bottle(abottlewhichisblue)Semanticcriterion(语义标准):Acompoundisacombinationformingaunitexpressingasingleidea.Thelexicalmeaningofthecomponentsarecloselyjoinedtogethertocreateacompoundwithameaningwhichonecaneasilyrecognize,
7、e.g.backdoor,sunset,workday.However,themeaningofacompoundisnotalwaysthesumofthemeaningsofitsparts,e.g.dogdays,flatfoot(apoliceman),greenhouse,greenback(美钞)，green-hand(生手),greenroom（演员休息室）,motherwit（天生的智力）,Indianpaper（字典纸）.Moreexamples:homeletters(家信),homevoyage（归程）,
