英汉语比较研究

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1、英汉语比较研究•英汉语语音层与音系层比较•英汉语词层与语义层比较•英汉语句层比较•英汉语语篇层比较•英汉语修辞比较ChapterOneTheComparativeStudyinPhoneticsandPhonology1.0GeneralizationEachlanguage,indeed,eachsub-varietyofalanguage,hasitsownunique"sound：yetthenumberofpossiblesounddistinctionsthatmaybemadeinanylangua

2、geisquitelimited,andalllanguagesshareatleastsomesetsofsounds・However,twolanguagesdifferfromeachotherinthewaysthesoundsarcputtogether,thewaysinwhichtheyinfluenceeachother,andespeciallytherhythm,stress,andpitchpatterns.Thesepatternsofcombinationarehighlyrestri

3、ctedinanygivenlanguagevariety,butarenotcompletelyfixed.Asdifferentspeakersenterthecommunity,orassocialgroupingschange,thesoundsystemmaychangetoo.Linguistsstudyspeechsoundsintwoways:phoneticallyandphonologically.Byphoneticswcmeanthestudyoftheinventoryofsounds

4、inlanguageingeneral,andofhowtheyproduced(articulatoryphonetics)andperceived(acousticphonetics).Byphonologywemeanthestudyofhowsoundsorganizedinaparticularlanguage,thatis,whichsoundscanbedistinctiveinalanguage,inwhatpositiontheymayoccur,andwhattypesofautomatic

5、variantsofasoundarepossible.Andalsothetermisusedtorefertothesystemofsoundpatternsinalanguage・Theproductionofanyspeechsoundinvolvestheprojectionoftheairstreamfromthelungsthroughthemouthand/orthenose.Initspassage,theairstreamisshapedinvariouswaysbytongueandjaw

6、movements.Itmaybemomentarilyinterruptedornotinterruptedatall.Itmaybemadetovibratealotoralittlebythevocalcords.Wewilldiscussthebasicarticulatoryfeaturesofconsonantsandvowelsofbothlanguagestoshowtheirdifferences・1.1DifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishConsonants

7、Itiscustomarytoclassifyconsonantsaccordingtoplaceofarticulationandmannerofarticulation.Theplacesinvolvebothlips:theupperandlowerlips(labials:p,b,m);thelowerlipandupperteeth(labio-dentals:f,v)Othersoundsareproducedbythetonguebetweentheteeth(intcr-dcntal:th);b

8、ymovementofthetonguetowardthehardridgeimmediatelybehindthefrontteeth(alveolars:t,d,s,z);bymovementofthetonguetowardthehardpalatebehindthealveolarridge(palatals:sh,ch);bymovementofthetonguetoward