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1、SexDifferencesandGender-RoleDevelopmentChapter13Dr.PelaezSexDifferencesandGender-RoleDevelopmentWhydopeoplereactdifferentlytomalesandfemales?Possibleexplanations:Biologicaldifferences,societiesexpectationsGendertyping:processbywhichchildrenacquiregenderidentity,andmotives,values,
2、andbehaviorsconsideredappropriateintheircultureformembersoftheirbiologicalsex.CategorizingMalesandFemales:Gender-RoleStandardsGender-rolestandard:Value,motive,oraclassofbehaviorthatisconsideredmoreappropriateformembersofonesexthantheother.Girlsaretypicallyencouragedtoassumeexpres
3、siverole:beingkind,nurturant,cooperativeandsensitive.CategorizingMalesandFemales:GenderRoleStandardsBoysareencouragedtoadoptinstrumentalrole:roleofprovidingforthefamilyandprotectingitfromharm.Achievementandself-reliancemorestronglyencouragedinyoungboys.Nurturance,responsibilityan
4、dobediencemoreencouragedinyounggirls.Itappearsthefirstgoalofcivilizationistoencouragechildrentoacquirethesetraitsthatwillenablethemtobecomecontributingmembersofsociety.Asecondgoalisto“gendertype”thechildbystressingrelationship-orientedattributesforgirlsandindividualisticattribute
5、sforboysSomeFactsandFictionsAboutSexDifferencesSmallbutreliabledifferencesbetweenfemalesandmaleVerbalability,Visualspatialabilities,Mathematicalability,AggressionVerbalabilityGirlshavegreaterverbalabilitiesthanboys.Girlsacquirelanguageanddevelopverbalskillsatanearlierage.Girlsdis
6、playsmallbutconsistentverbaladvantageontestsofreadingcomprehensionandspeechfluency.Visual/SpatialAbilitiesBoysoutperformgirlsontestsofvisual/spatialabilities:theabilitytodrawinferencesaboutortomentallymanipulatepictorialinformation.Notlargedifference,butdetectableasearlyasage4and
7、persistsacrosslifespan.MathematicalAbilityBoysacquiremoremathematicalproblem-solvingstrategiesthatenablethemtooutperformgirlsoncomplexwordproblems,geometry,andtheSATmathportion.moremalesthanfemalesareexceptionallytalentedinmath.AggressionBoysaremorephysicallyandverballyaggressive
8、thangirls,startingasearlyasagetwo.10time
