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1、Lecture10AmericanNaturalismLecture10AmericanNaturalismNaturalismissometimesclaimedtogiveanevenmoreaccuratedepictionoflifethanrealism;isamodeoffictionthatwasdevelopedbyaschoolofwritersinaccordancewithaparticularphilosophicalthesis,whichheldthatahumanbeingexistsentirelyintheorde
2、rofnatureanddoesnothaveasoulnoranymodeofparticipatinginareligiousorspiritualworldbeyondthenaturalworld;andtherefore,thatsuchabeingismerelyahigher-orderanimalwhosecharacterandbehaviorareentirelydeterminedbytwokindsofforces,heredityandenvironment.NaturalismApersoninheritscompuls
3、iveinstincts–especiallyhunger,thedrivetoaccumulatepossessions,andsexuality–andisthensubjecttothesocialandeconomicforcesinthefamily,theclass,andthemilieuintowhichthatpersonisborn.TheFrenchnovelistÉmileZola(1840–1902)isthemostimportantexemplaroftheliteraryschoolofnaturalism.natu
4、ralism.NaturalismNaturalismZolaandlaternaturalisticwriters,suchastheAmericansFrankNorris,StephenCrane,andTheodoreDreiser,trytopresenttheirsubjectswithscientificobjectivityandwithelaboratedocumentation(materialthatservesasarecord),sometimesincludinganalmostmedicalfranknessabout
5、activitiesandbodilyfunctionsusuallyunmentionedinearlierliterature.NaturalismTheytendtochoosecharacterswhoexhibitstronganimaldrivessuchasgreedandsexualdesire,andwhoarehelplessvictimsbothofglandularsecretionswithinandofsociologicalpressureswithout.Theendofthenaturalisticnovelisu
6、sually“tragic”,butnot,asinclassicalandElizabethantragedy,becauseofaheroicbutlosingstruggleoftheindividualmindandwillagainstgods,enemies,andcircumstances.Insteadtheprotagonistofthenaturalisticplot,apawntomultiplecompulsions,usuallydisintegrates,oriswipedout.“Muckraking”journali
7、smAperiodofgrimsocialstruggleIssuesofpovertyandpoliticalabuseBlendedintothereportagesofthemuckrakingjournalistsBothCraneandDreiser-journalistsexploringthelifeoftheslumlongbeforetheywerenovelistsCorrespondentsRichardHardingDavis(left)andStephenCraneduringtheSpanishAmericanWarAb
8、solutedeterminismIndeterminism,individualsnolongerappearedasm
