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1、Lecture2TheRomanticPeriod(1800-1865)1.WhatisPuritanism?2Whatis“originalsin”?Originalsin:thetendencytoevilsupposedlyinnateinallhumanbeings,heldtobeinheritedfromAdaminconsequenceoftheFall.TheconceptoforiginalsinwasestablishedbythewritingsofSt.Augustine.3
2、WhataremajorworksbyFranklin?(1)PoorRichard’sAlmanac(2)Autobiography（1）Franklin'sPoorRichard'sAlmanack,begunin1732andpublishedformanyyears,madeFranklinprosperousandwell-knownthroughoutthecolonies.Inthisannualbookofusefulencouragement,advice,andfactualin
3、formation,amusingcharacterssuchasoldFatherAbrahamandPoorRichardexhort劝告thereaderinpithy精练的,memorablesayings.In"TheWaytoWealth,"whichoriginallyappearedintheAlmanack,FatherAbraham,"aplaincleanoldMan,withwhiteLocks,"quotesPoorRichardatlength."AWordtotheWi
4、seisenough,"hesays."Godhelpsthemthathelpthemselves.""EarlytoBed,andearlytorise,makesaManhealthy,wealthy,andwise."PoorRichardisapsychologist("IndustrypaysDebts,whileDespairencreaseththem"),andhealwayscounselshardwork("DiligenceistheMotherofGoodLuck").Do
5、notbelazy,headvises,for"OneTo-dayisworthtwotomorrow."Sometimeshecreatesanecdotestoillustratehispoints:"AlittleNeglectmaybreedgreatMischief....ForwantofaNailtheShoewaslost;forwantofaShoetheHorsewaslost;andforwantofaHorsetheRiderwaslost,beingovertakenand
6、slainbytheEnemy,allforwantofCareaboutaHorse-shoeNail."Franklinwasageniusatcompressingamoralpoint:"WhatmaintainsoneVice,wouldbringuptwoChildren.""AsmallleakwillsinkagreatShip.""FoolsmakeFeasts,andwiseMeneatthem."（2）Franklin'sAutobiographyis,inpart,anoth
7、erself-helpbook.Writtentoadvisehisson,itcoversonlytheearlyyears.Themostfamoussectiondescribeshisscientificschemeofself-improvement.Franklinlists13virtues:temperance,silence,order,resolution,frugality,industry,sincerity,justice,moderation,cleanliness,tr
8、anquility,chastity,andhumility.Heelaboratesoneachwithamaxim;forexample,thetemperancemaximis"EatnottoDullness.DrinknottoElevation."Apragmatic实用主义的scientist,Franklinputtheideaofperfectibilitytothetest,usinghimselfastheexperimentalsubject.
