Petras and Morley - Contesting Hegemons - US-French Relations in the 'New World Order'

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1、ReviewofInternationalStudies(2000),26,49–67Copyright©BritishInternationalStudiesAssociationContestinghegemons:US–Frenchrelationsinthe‘NewWorldOrder’JAMESPETRASANDMORRISMORLEYAbstract.Internationalrelationsisnowmarkedbyadistinctbiasagainstbothrealismandmaterialism.This,

2、alliedtothecurrentlyfashionablenotionthatinaglobalized,liberaleconomycooperationratherthancompetitionisthenorm,hasmeantthatfewscholarshavebeenconcernedtoanalysethesourcesofrivalrybetweenthevariouscapitaliststates.Thisarticlesuggeststhataversionofrealisminformedbyakeens

3、enseofpowerandhierarchyremainsessentialifwearetounderstandthedynamicsofUSforeignpolicyinthepost-ColdWarperiod.ThecasestudydeployedhererevolvesaroundthevariousattemptsmadebyoneofAmerica’salliestocontestWashington’svisionofa‘newworldorder’.TheFrenchchallengeassumedmanyfo

4、rmsbutintheendwasseenoffbythedominantstate;theoutcomeonlyconfirmingUSpreponderanceandguaranteeingitshegemonicpositionintothe21stcentury.Introduction:beyondrealism?Scholarsininternationalrelationshaveconventionallyassumed(andhavecertainlytoldtheirstudentsuntilrecently)th

5、atthesubjectinwhichtheyareengagedevolvedthroughaseriesof‘greatdebates’,thegreatestofallbeingtheonethatoccurredinthelate1930sandearly1940sbetweenrealistsandidealists.Afteragooddealofintellectualstruggle—nottomentionWorldWarIIandtheonsetoftheColdWar,bothofwhichshapedthef

6、utureofthedisciplineasmuchasdebateswithinit—thediscussionfinallyresolveditselfinfavourofthetough-mindedrealistsleavingtheutopiansandtheidealiststocontemplatetheirfate.‘Therout’,asWilsonhasnoted,wassocompletethatitledtowhatsomethinkofasaKuhnian-styleparadigmshiftthatshap

7、edtheevolutionofinternationalrelationsasadisciplineforatleasttwogenerations.1Thisparticularversionofthehistoryofthedisciplinehascomeunderconsider-ableattackoflate.The‘greatdebate’wearenowtoldprobablynevertookplace;realismwasneverquiteasdominantassomeoncethought;andeven

8、someofthekeytheoristsofrealismlikeE.H.Carrwerenotone-dimensionalrealistsatall,butthinkerswithapowerfulmoraloutlook.2W