Petras and Morley - Anti-Communism in Guatemala - Washington's Alliance with Generals and D

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1、ANTI-COMMUNISMINGUATEMALA:WASHINGTON'SALLIANCEWITHGENERALSANDDEATHSQUADSJamesF.Petras&MorrisH.MorleyIntroduction:LiberalandConservativeanti-communismInthecontemporaryUSsocialformation,bothliberalandconservativepolitical,economicandsocialforceshavemadetheissue,ofanti-

2、communismcentraltothedomesticandforeignpolicydcbate.)~onflictsbetweenpoliticalandeconomicnationalistregimesinthe~hi'rdWorldandtheUSimperialstate,overtheconditionsforcapitalaccumulationandthenatureofThirdWorldclassrelations,havebeenconceptualizedbypost-WorldWarI1Ameri

3、canpolicymakersintermsofanti-communistideologyinordertojustifyaninterventionistforeignpolicy.TheutilityofthenotionispreciselythatitallowstheUStodisguisethebasisofitstiestoclientregimesandrulingclasses:economicinterestsareobscuredandnational-classstrugglesareredefined

4、asEast-Westconflicts.Foreignpolicyisnotdiscussedintermsofasecureenvironmentformultinationalstoextracttheeconomicsurplusorpolitical-strategicconcerns,butlargelyithreferencetoThirdWorldallies'oppositionto'communistsubversion7/?Whiletheresorttoanti-communistideologyhasf

5、unctionedtodiveitattentionfromthesystemicconcernsoftheUSimperialstate,ithasalsoservedtorationalizetheimpactoflarge-scaleviolenceperpetratedbyalliedregimesagainsttheirownpopulations.Incountriessuchaspost-1954Guatemala,themostheinousactsofpro-USmilitaryrulersaresubsume

6、dwithintheanti-communiststruggle.TherequirementthatliberalforcesinUSsocietydeveloppoliticsfromtheterrainofanti-communisminacontextwherethemostreactionarygroupshavebeen,andremain,dominanthashadprofoundconsequencesforliberaleffortstopromoteareformistanti-communistoptio

7、nintheThirdWorld.Ultimately,~heliberalandconservativevariantshavegeneratedsimilaroutcomes:politicalterroristregimes;socialandeconomicregression;massivestate-centredcorruption;fraudulentelections;foreigneconomicdomination;andrulerswhocollaboratewithUSregionalandglobal

8、objectives.DuringtheKennedyandCarterpresidencies,theWhiteHouselaunchedmajoreffortstocombinereformistpolicieswithanti-communistideol