美国财产法Chapter 10 Land use regulation

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1、PKU-STLHuChapter10LandUseRegulationA.Basicsofzoning1.Introduction:(1)Governmenthadtheinherentpolicepowertoprotectthepublichealth,safety,morals,andwelfarethroughzoninglaws.(2)Zoningenablingact:Everystatehasazoningenablingactthatdelegatespowertomunicipalitiestopasslanduseregulations-suchreg

2、ulationsarelawfultotheextentthattheyfallwithinthescopeofthedelegatedpowers.(3)Acomprehensiveplan:zoningenablingactsmandatethatzoninglawsmustbemadeinaccordancewith,orconsistentwith,acomprehensiveplan-customarynowformostmunicipalitiestohaveaplanningcommissionwhichpreparesboththecomprehensiv

3、eplan(plansoftenincludemapsshowinggeneraldivisionsofthemunicipality,descriptionsoftheplan'sobjectives,aswellasstandardsguidingrealestatedevelopmentinthejurisdiction)andthezoninglaw.2.Constitutionalityofzoning(1)Constitutionalprovisions:a.FirstAmendment--e.g.,somepropertyownershavearguedth

4、atsomezoningordinancesareunconstitutionalbecausetheyviolateFirstAmendmentprotectionsonfreespeech,theSupremeCourtheldthatatowncouldnotprohibitthepostingof"forsale"or"sold"signseventhoughthetown'smotivewastostemtheflightofwhiteownersfromanewlyraciallyintegratedcommunity.b.FourteenthAmendmen

5、t(DueProcessClause)--theclauseondueprocessprohibitsastatefromdeprivingownersofpropertywithoutdueprocessoflaw--somecourtshaveinterpretedthedueprocessclausetoimposesubstantivelimitsonwhatgovernmentscanconstitutionallydo–theSupremeCourthasheldthatpropertyownershavea"righttobefreefromarbitrar

6、yorirrationalzoningactions".c.FourteenthAmendment(EqualProtectionClause)--theequalprotectionclauserequires,ataminimum,thatgovernmentclassificationsberationallyrelatedtoalegitimategovernmentinterest,theSupremeCourtshotdownanordinancethatrequiredaspecialpermittolocateahomeforretardedpersons

7、butdidnotrequiresuchapermitforothergrouphomes,suchasnursinghomesorfrathouses-theCourtreasonedthattheordinancewasbeingprejudicedagainstretardedpersons.d.FifthAmendment(theTakingsClause)–“norshallprivatepropertybe10PKU-STLHutakenforpublicusewithoutjustcompensation"–so