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1、APhilosophyofLifeSigmundFreud(1932)LectureXXXVAPhilosophyofLifeSource: NewIntroductoryLecturesonPsycho-analysis (1933)publ.HogarthPress.Lastlecturereproducedhere.LADIESANDGENTLEMEN–Inthelastlecturewewereoccupiedwithtrivialeverydayaffairs,withputting,asitwere,ourmodesthouse
2、inorder.Wewillnowtakeaboldstep,andriskananswertoaquestionwhichhasrepeatedlybeenraisedinnon-analyticquarters,namely,thequestionwhetherpsychoanalysisleadstoanyparticular Weltanschauung, andifso,towhat.‘Weltanschauung’is,Iamafraid,aspecificallyGermannotion,whichitwouldbediffi
3、culttotranslateintoaforeignlanguage.IfIattempttogiveyouadefinitionoftheword,itcanhardlyfailtostrikeyouasinept.By Weltanschauung, then,Imeananintellectualconstructionwhichgivesaunifiedsolutionofalltheproblemsofourexistenceinvirtueofacomprehensivehypothesis,aconstruction,the
4、refore,inwhichnoquestionisleftopenandinwhicheverythinginwhichweareinterestedfindsaplace.Itiseasytoseethatthepossessionofsucha Weltanschauung isoneoftheidealwishesofmankind.Whenonebelievesinsuchathing,onefeelssecureinlife,oneknowswhatoneoughttostriveafter,andhowoneoughttoor
5、ganiseone’semotionsandintereststothebestpurpose.Ifthatiswhatismeantbya Weltanschauung,thenthequestionisaneasyoneforpsychoanalysistoanswer.Asaspecialisedscience,abranchofpsychology–‘depth-psychology’orpsychologyoftheunconscious–itisquiteunsuitedtoforma Weltanschauung ofitso
6、wn;itmustacceptthatofscienceingeneral.Thescientific Weltanschauung is,however,markedlyatvariancewithourdefinition.The unified natureoftheexplanationoftheuniverseis,itistrue,acceptedbyscience,butonlyasaprogrammewhosefulfilmentispostponedtothefuture.Otherwiseitisdistinguishe
7、dbynegativecharacteristics,byalimitationtowhatis,atanygiventime,knowable,andacategoricalrejectionofcertainelementswhicharealientoit.Itassertsthatthereisnoothersourceofknowledgeoftheuniversebuttheintellectualmanipulationofcarefullyverifiedobservations,infact,whatiscalledres
8、earch,andthatnoknowledgecanbeobtainedfromrevelation,intuitionorinspiration.Itappearsthatt
