Basic Microbiology

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1、BasicMicrobiologyThemicrobialchallengeScience,diseaseandpublichealthRobertI.KrasnerOutlineCelltheoryTwofundamentallydifferentclassesofcellsDiversityoflivingorganismsintheearthOriginanddiversityofmicrobesInfectionandcauseofdeathCelltheoryTheDiscoveryofCells-AntonvanLeeuwenhoek(1665-1

2、675),thefirsttodescribelivingsinglecells;hisresultswerecheckedandconfirmedbyHooke.-RobertHooke(1665),chambersincork(partofthebarkoftrees);calledthemcells(cellulae)-MatthiasSchleiden(1838)–allplanttissuesweremadeofcells&thatplantembryosarisefromsinglecell.-TheodorSchwann(1839)–realizedcell

3、ularbasisofanimallife;concludedthatplants&animalsaresimilarstructures.CelltheoryThemoderntenetsoftheCelltheory1.Allknownlivingthingsaremadeupofcells.2.Thecellisstructural&functionalunitofalllivingthings.3.Allcellscomefrompre-existingcellsbydivision.(Spontaneousgenerationdoesnotoccur.)4.C

4、ellscontainsgeneticinformationwhichispassedfromcelltocellduringcelldivision.5.Allcellsarebasicallythesameinchemicalcomposition.6.Allenergyflow(metabolism&biochemistry)oflifeoccurswithincells.TwofundamentallydifferentclassesofcellsTwobasicclassesofcells:bysize&typesofinternalstructures(or

5、ganelles)Prokaryotes(pro-before;karyon-nucleus)-Allbacteria,cyanobacteria(blue-greenalgae)Eukaryotes(eu-true)-Structurallymorecomplex;protists,fungi,plants,animalsTwofundamentallydifferentclassesofcellsTwofundamentallydifferentclassesofcellsSimilaritiesbetweenprokaryotesandeukaryotes1.

6、BothtypesofcellsencodegeneticinformationinDNAusinganidenticalgeneticcodeandsimilarmechanismsfortranscription&translationofgeneticinformation,includingsimilarribosomes2.Bothtypesofcellsshareacommonsetofmetabolicpathways(glycolysis,TCAcycle)3.Bothtypesofcellssharecommonstructuralfeatures–si

7、milarlyconstructedplasmamembranethatservesasselectivelypermeablebarrier&cellwalls(samefunction,differentstructure)Twofundamentallydifferentclassesofcells4.SimilarapparatusforconservationofchemicalenergyasATP(locatedinplasmamembraneofprokaryotes&mitochondrialmembrane