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1、外文题目：TowardaLow-CarbonEconomy---MunicipalFinancingForEnergyEfficiencyandSolarPower出处：EnvironmentMagazine作者：MerrianC.Fuller,StephenCompagniPortis,andDanielM.KammenTheeconomicandenvironmentalneedtotransitiontoalow-carboneconomyisnowattheforefrontofenergyscienc
2、e,engineering,andpolicydiscussionsintheUnitedStatesandinternationally.FormerVicePresidentAlGorehascalledforacarbon-freeelectricitysupplyintheUnitedStatesby2018,1andinCalifornia,Japan,andtheUnitedKingdom,agrowinglistofmunicipalitieshavelegislated70–80percento
3、rhigherreductionsintheirgreenhousegasemissionsoverthenextfourtofivedecades.ThesecutsareconsistentwiththerecommendationsoftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC).Thusfarmuchoftheefforthasbeenfocusedontechnologyandpolicysolutions,withverylittleattention
4、giventohowthischangecanbeenabledthroughcreativefinancing.Acriticalarenaforthistransformationisinbuildings,whichaccountformorethan70percentoftheelectricityuse2andalmost40percentofgreenhousegasemissions3intheUnitedStates.Manyofthemorestringentlawstoreduceenerg
5、yuseinbuildings,suchasTitle24inCalifornia,4targetnewbuildings.However,becausebuildingshavemany-decadelifetimes,itmaybevirtuallyimpossibletoreducegreenhousegasemissionstothelevelsdescribedbythelower-riskscenariosoftheIPCC5andadoptedbylocalmunicipalities,6stat
6、es,7andnations8withoutatargetedefforttoreduceenergydemandinexistinghomesandcommercialspaces.Thismeansthatretrofitefforts,suchasimprovingenergyefficiencyandaddingsolarphotovoltaics(PV)andsolarthermalsystemstobuildings,needtoexpanddramatically.Manybarriersexis
7、ttoreducingenergyconsumptionandincreasingtheuseofrenewableenergy.Oneishighfirstcost(“up-frontcost”),whichisbothapsychologicalandfinancialbarrierformanypeople.OurresearchgroupfromtheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,hasworkedwithanumberofcities,initiallyBerkele
8、ytoaddressthisbarrierbymakingfinancingforsolarpowerinstallationsandenergy-efficiencyretrofitsmoreappealingandaccessibletopropertyowners.Urgencyaroundtheneedtocutemissionshasinspiredcitiestoapply
