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1、毕业论文外文文献外文题目：IndustrialEcology：ACriticalReview出处：InternationalJournalofEnvironmentandPollution作者：DaraO'Rourke,LloydConnelly,CatherineKoshlandINDUSTRIALECOLOGY:ACRITICALREVIEWAbstractScientists,policy-makers,andthegeneralpublicarebecomingincreasinglyawareofenvironmentaldamageassoc
2、iatedwithlargeandgrowingmaterialthroughputrequiredinmodernindustrialsociety.OneapproachemerginginresponsetotheseconcernsiscalledIndustrialEcology(IE).IEsignalsashiftfrom"end-of-pipe"pollutioncontrolmethodstowardsholisticstrategiesforpreventionandplanningofmoreenvironmentallysound
3、industrialdevelopment.However,thebroadumbrellaofIEcurrentlyhousesadiversegroupofscholars,consultants,andenvironmentalistswhorangeinscopefromthoseadvocatingincrementalchangesinexistingsystems,tosomepromotingatotaltransformationofindustrialactivity.Thisarticlewillpresentacriticalre
4、viewoftheexistingU.S.literatureonIE.WewillintroduceandcritiqueIE'sprimaryconceptsandanalyzeweaknessesand"holes"inIE'sconceptualframework.WewillalsodiscusstheneedsandpotentialforadvancingIndustrialEcologyconceptsandprojectsinthefuture.Keywords：IndustrialEcology,EnvironmentalPolicy
5、,DesignforEnvironmentIntroductionIndustrialactivitiesareincreasinglyinconfrontationwithecologicalsystems.Continuednaturalresourceexploitationandenvironmentalimpactsofresourceuseandpollutionarecauseforconcernaroundtheworld.OnebroadapproachemerginginresponsetotheseconcernsiscalledI
6、ndustrialEcology(IE).IEoffersimportantgoalsandorganizingprinciplesforreformingindustry,providingconceptswhichare10graduallybeingembracedbyleadersinindustry,academia,andgovernmentagencies.IEsignalsashiftfrom"end-of-pipe"pollutioncontrolmethodstowardsstrategiesformorecomprehensivep
7、reventionandplanningofenvironmentallysoundindustrialdevelopment.IEisadvancedasaholisticapproachtoredesigningindustrialactivities.However,thebroadumbrellaofIEcurrentlyhousesadiversegroupofscholars,managers,engineers,consultants,andpolicyanalystswhorangeinscopefromthoseadvocatingmi
8、norincrementalchangesinexistingsystems,t
