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1、TheoriesofIntelligenceWhatisIntelligence?Howwouldyouknowthatsomeoneisintelligent?Listthecharacteristicsorbehavioursthatyouassociatewithintelligence.SomeClassicDefinitionsSpearman(1904)AgeneralabilitywhichinvolvesmainlytheeductionofrelationsandcorrelatesBinet&Simon(1905)Theabilityt
2、ojudgewell,tounderstandwell,toreasonwellTerman(1916)ThecapacitytoformconceptsandgrasptheirsignificanceThurstone(1921)Thecapacitytoinhibitinstinctiveadjustments,flexiblyimaginedifferentresponses,andrealizemodifiedinstinctiveadjustmentsintoovertbehaviourDefinitions(continued)Wechsle
3、r(1939)theaggregateorglobalcapacityoftheindividualtoactpurposefully,tothinkrationally,andtodealeffectivelywiththeenvironmentSternberg(1985)thementalcapacitytoautomatizeinformationprocessingandtoemitcontextuallyappropriatebehaviourinresponsetonovelty;intelligencealsoincludesmetacom
4、ponents,performancecomponents,andknowledge-acquisitioncomponentsGardner(1986)theabilityorskilltosolveproblemsortofashionproductswhicharevaluedwithinoneormoreculturalsettingsCulturalDifferencesinViewsofIntelligenceChina(Yang&Sternberg,1997)Emphasisonbenevolence&doingwhatisrightImpo
5、rtanceofhumility,freedomfromconventionalstandardsofjudgment,knowledgeofoneselfAfrica(Ruzgis&Grigorenko,1994)Conceptionsofintelligencerevolvelargelyaroundskillthathelptofacilitateandmaintainharmonious&stableintergrouprelationsE.g.,inZimbabwe,thewordforintelligence,ngware,actuallyme
6、anstobeprudent&cautious,particularlyinsocialrelationshipsLayvs.ExpertConceptionsofIntelligenceSternbergetal.(1981)ContactedpeopleInatrainstationEnteringasupermarketStudyinginauniversitylibraryAskedthemtolistbehaviourscharacteristicofanintelligentpersonthentookthislistandhadbothlay
7、-persons&psychologistsratetheimportanceofeachofthebehavioursindescribingthe“ideallyintelligent”personResultsCornelius&Caspi,1987TheEverydayProblemSolvingInventoryExamineesindicatetheirtypicalresponsetoeverydayproblemsE.g.,failingtobringmoney,checkbook,orcreditcardwhentakingafriend
8、tolunchGalton&theBrassInstruments
