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1、REVIEWSEpigeneticsandtheenvironment:emergingpatternsandimplicationsRobertFeil1andMarioF. Fraga2,3Abstract
2、EpigeneticphenomenainanimalsandplantsaremediatedbyDNAmethylationandstablechromatinmodifications.Therehasbeenconsiderableinterestinwhetherenvironmental
3、factorsmodulatetheestablishmentandmaintenanceofepigeneticmodifications,andcouldtherebyinfluencegeneexpressionandphenotype.Chemicalpollutants,dietarycomponents,temperaturechangesandotherexternalstressescanindeedhavelong-lastingeffectsondevelopment,metabolis
4、mandhealth,sometimeseveninsubsequentgenerations.Althoughtheunderlyingmechanismsremainlargelyunknown,particularlyinhumans,mechanisticinsightsareemergingfromexperimentalmodelsystems.Thesehaveimplicationsforstructuringfutureresearchandunderstandingdiseaseandd
5、evelopment.Ineukaryoticcells,DNAispackagedintochromatin,workonmodelsystemsitisnowclearthatepigeneticEpigeneticmodificationsChemicaladditionstoandcovalentmodificationsonthehistoneproteinsofalterationscanindeedbeinvolvedintheenvironmen-theDNAandhistonesthatt
6、hechromatinandmodificationsontheDNAitselfcantallytriggeredphenotypes.Todate,muchofthefocusinarestablymaintainedandinfluencetheexpressionofgenes.Whenheritablefrom‘environmentalepigenetics’hasbeenonDNAmethyla-donotchangetheprimaryonecellgenerationtothenext,s
7、uchmodificationsaretion,whichisessentialindevelopmentandisinvolvedDNAsequence.referredtoasepigeneticmodificationsandcanbringaboutinprocessessuchasgenomicimprintingandsilencinglastingchangesingeneexpression1,2.Epigeneticsisthetransposableelements2,6,11.Inma
8、mmalsandinsects,EpigenomesTheoverallepigeneticstudyofmitoticallyand/ormeioticallyheritablechangescytosinemethylationisfoundalmostexclusivelyinthemodificationsofcells.AningenefunctionthatcannotbeexplainedbychangesincontextofCpGdinucleotides,butinplantsitals
9、ooccursorganismhasmultiple,cellDNAsequence3.inCHGandCHHcontexts(whereH=A,TorC).Thetype-specific,epigenomesGenome-widepatternsofDNAandchromatinmodi-DNAmethyltransferases(DNMTs)thatestablishandfications(‘epigen
