Molecular and Cellular Approaches for Diversifying and Extending Optogenetics

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1、ResourceMolecularandCellularApproachesforDiversifyingandExtendingOptogeneticsVivianaGradinaru,1,2,6FengZhang,1,5,6CharuRamakrishnan,1JoannaMattis,1,2RohitPrakash,1,2IlkaDiester,1InbalGoshen,1KimberlyR.Thompson,1andKarlDeisseroth1,3,4,*1DepartmentofBioengineering2PrograminNeuroscience3Departmentof

2、PsychiatryandBehavioralSciences4HowardHughesMedicalInstituteStanfordUniversity,Stanford,CA94305,USA5Presentaddress:SocietyofFellows,HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,MA02138,USA6Theseauthorscontributedequallytothiswork*Correspondence:deissero@stanford.eduDOI10.1016/j.cell.2010.02.037SUMMARYPoo,1998;Sil

3、berbergetal.,2004)canchangethemagnitudeorflipthesignofneuronalactiononthecircuit.Similarly,pancre-Optogenetictechnologiesemploylighttocontrolaticbcellsexecutesynchronizedoscillationsinmembranebiologicalprocesseswithintargetedcellsinvivopotentialresultinginpulsatileinsulinsecretionwithprecisewithhi

4、ghtemporalprecision.Here,weshowthattimingacrossthepopulationofbcellsthatmaybeimportantapplicationofmoleculartraffickingprinciplescanfortheactionofinsulinontargettissues(TengholmandGylfe,expandtheoptogeneticrepertoirealongseveral2009).Traditionalgeneticsdeliverscelltype-specificcontrolifadequatetarg

5、etingstrategiesexist,butgeneticapproacheslong-soughtdimensions.Subcellularandtranscellu-lackthetemporalprecisionneededtocontroleventswithlartraffickingstrategiesnowpermit(1)opticalregu-behaviorallyorenvironmentallyrelevanttriggeringandtiming;lationatthefar-red/infraredborderandextensionmoreover,ph

6、armacologicalcontrolstrategieslackcelltype-ofoptogeneticcontrolacrosstheentirevisiblespec-specificity,temporalprecision,orboth.Thegeneralneedtotrum,(2)increasedpotencyofopticalinhibitionstudymolecularandcellulareventsnotonlyinreducedsystems,withoutincreasedlightpowerrequirement(nanoam-butalsowithi

7、nintactbiologicalsystems,hasdrivenrecentpere-scalechloride-mediatedphotocurrentsthatawarenessoftheopportunitiesoffastcontrol.maintainthelightsensitivityandreversible,step-Toenabletemporallyprecisecontrolofspecificcellty