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1、ResourceMolecularandCellularApproachesforDiversifyingandExtendingOptogeneticsVivianaGradinaru,1,2,6FengZhang,1,5,6CharuRamakrishnan,1JoannaMattis,1,2RohitPrakash,1,2IlkaDiester,1InbalGoshen,1KimberlyR.Thompson,1andKarlDeisseroth1,3,4,*1DepartmentofBioengineering2PrograminN
2、euroscience3DepartmentofPsychiatryandBehavioralSciences4HowardHughesMedicalInstituteStanfordUniversity,Stanford,CA94305,USA5Presentaddress:SocietyofFellows,HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,MA02138,USA6Theseauthorscontributedequallytothiswork*Correspondence:deissero@stanford.edu
3、DOI10.1016/j.cell.2010.02.037SUMMARYPoo,1998;Silberbergetal.,2004)canchangethemagnitudeorflipthesignofneuronalactiononthecircuit.Similarly,pancre-Optogenetictechnologiesemploylighttocontrolaticbcellsexecutesynchronizedoscillationsinmembranebiologicalprocesseswithintargetedc
4、ellsinvivopotentialresultinginpulsatileinsulinsecretionwithprecisewithhightemporalprecision.Here,weshowthattimingacrossthepopulationofbcellsthatmaybeimportantapplicationofmoleculartraffickingprinciplescanfortheactionofinsulinontargettissues(TengholmandGylfe,expandtheoptogen
5、eticrepertoirealongseveral2009).Traditionalgeneticsdeliverscelltype-specificcontrolifadequatetargetingstrategiesexist,butgeneticapproacheslong-soughtdimensions.Subcellularandtranscellu-lackthetemporalprecisionneededtocontroleventswithlartraffickingstrategiesnowpermit(1)optic
6、alregu-behaviorallyorenvironmentallyrelevanttriggeringandtiming;lationatthefar-red/infraredborderandextensionmoreover,pharmacologicalcontrolstrategieslackcelltype-ofoptogeneticcontrolacrosstheentirevisiblespec-specificity,temporalprecision,orboth.Thegeneralneedtotrum,(2)inc
7、reasedpotencyofopticalinhibitionstudymolecularandcellulareventsnotonlyinreducedsystems,withoutincreasedlightpowerrequirement(nanoam-butalsowithinintactbiologicalsystems,hasdrivenrecentpere-scalechloride-mediatedphotocurrentsthatawarenessoftheopportunitiesoffastcontrol.main
8、tainthelightsensitivityandreversible,step-Toenabletemporallyprecisecontrolofspecificcellty
