2015-ange-Energy Storage Materials from Nature through Nanotechnology A Sustainable Route from Reed Plants to a Silicon Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries

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1、Angewandte.ZuschriftenDeutscheAusgabe:DOI:10.1002/ange.201503150AnodeMaterialsInternationaleAusgabe:DOI:10.1002/anie.201503150EnergyStorageMaterialsfromNaturethroughNanotechnology:ASustainableRoutefromReedPlantstoaSiliconAnodeforLithium-IonBatteries**JunLiu,Pete

2、rKopold,PeterA.vanAken,JoachimMaier,andYanYu*DedicatedtoProfessorJuriGrinontheoccasionofhis60thbirthdayAbstract:Siliconisanattractiveanodematerialinenergyincreasedinviewoftheiruseinhybridelectricvehicles,back-storagedevices,asithasatentimeshighertheoreticalcapac

3、ityupelectricitystorageunits,andlightweightandportable[1–3]thanitsstate-of-artcarbonaceouscounterpart.However,theelectricdevices.Carbon-basedmaterialsarestillthemostcommonprocesstosynthesizesiliconnanostructuredelectro-commonanodematerialsincommercialLi-ionbatte

4、ries,yet¢1desiscomplex,costly,andenergy-intensive.Three-dimen-theirspecificcapacityisrelativelylow(372mAhg)andthe+sional(3D)poroussilicon-basedanodematerialshavebeenratecapabilityratherpoorowingtoitsinsufficientLi[4]fabricatedfromnaturalreedleavesbycalcinationan

5、ddiffusioncoefficient.Siliconisconsideredasamostprom-magnesiothermicreduction.Thissustainableandhighlyabun-isingcandidatefornextgenerationanodesowingtoitsvery¢1dantsilicasourceallowsforfacileproductionof3Dporoushightheoreticalcapacityof4200mAhg(basedonSiandsilic

6、onwithverygoodelectrochemicalperformance.ThecorrespondingtoLi22Si4)andlowoperatingvoltage(about+[5,6]obtainedsiliconanoderetainsthe3Dhierarchicalarchitecture0.1Vvs.Li/Li).However,theuseofsiliconfacesmajorofthereedleaf.Impurityleachingandgasreleaseduringthediffic

7、ultiesowingtoinsufficienttransportpropertiesandfabricationprocessleadstoaninterconnectedporosityandtheparticularlyitslargevolumeexpansion(morethan300%)[7]reductivetreatmenttoaninsidecarboncoating.Suchanodesduringlithiation.Twomainstrategieshavebeendevelopedshowa

8、remarkableLi-ionstorageperformance:evenaftertoimprovethestructuralstabilityandelectrochemical4000cyclesandatarateof10C,aspecificcapacityofperformanceofSianodes.Thefir