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1、Carbon37(1999)165±180ReviewCarbonmaterialsforlithium-ionrechargeablebatteriesS.Flandroisa,*,B.SimonbaCentredeRecherchePaulPascal,Av.Albert-Schweitzer,33600Pessac,FrancebSAFT/Alcatel-Alsthom-Recherche,RoutedeNozay,91460Marcoussis,FranceReceived3June1998;accepte
2、d5October1998AbstractTherecentdevelopmentoflithiumrechargeablebatteriesresultsfromtheuseofcarbonmaterialsaslithiumreservoiratthenegativeelectrode.Reversibleintercalation,orinsertion,oflithiumintothecarbonhostlatticeavoidstheproblemoflithiumdendriteformationand
3、provideslargeimprovementintermsofcycleabilityandsafety.Thispaperreviewsthemainachievementsonperformanceandunderstandingofcharge±dischargemechanisms,resultingfromthetremendousactivitydevotedtothesesystemsinthepastfewyears.Asamatteroffact,allcarbonmaterialscanbe
4、lithiatedtoacertainextent.However,theamountoflithiumreversiblyincorporatedinthecarbonlattice(thereversiblecapacity),thefaradaiclossesduringthe®rstcharge±dischargecycle(theirreversiblecapacity),thepro®leofthevoltagecurvesduringcharginganddischarging,alldependon
5、thestructure,thetextureandheteroatomcontentofthecarbonmaterial.Inthispaper,wesuccessivelyexaminetheelectrochemicalbehaviourofthemainfamiliesofmaterials,namely,naturalandsyntheticgraphites,graphitizablecarbons,low-temperatureandnon-graphitizingcarbons,anddopedc
6、arbons.Ó1999ElsevierScienceLtd.Allrightsreserved.Keywords:A.Electrodes;Intercalation;D.electrochemicalproperties1.Introductionexploredthesubjectearlier[2].Italsogeneratedalargeinterestinthescienti®ccommunityowingtothenumerousAsthemostpowerfulreducingelement,li
7、thiummetalproblems,fundamentalaswellaspractical,thatthissystemassociatedwithstrongoxydants(VO,MnO,LiNiO,hastoovercomeforproperoperation.2522LiCoO,)leadstohighvoltageandhighenergybatteriesThesmartsolutionofelectrodemorphologystabilization2thatgainedadeepinteres
8、tfromapplicationsrequiringbyusingahoststructuremakesthesebatteriesbelongtohigherandhigherenergydensityforpowersources.thesocalled`rocking-chair'batteryfamily,whereionsHowever,thewe
