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1、Rev.Med.Virol.PublishedonlineinWileyOnlineLibrary(wileyonlinelibrary.com)ReviewsinMedicalVirologyDOI:10.1002/rmv.1865REVIEWLinksbetweenrecognitionanddegradationofcytoplasmicviralRNAininnateimmuneresponseHiroyukiOshiumi*,EdinJ.MifsudandTakujiDaitoLaboratoryforB
2、iologicsDevelopment,ResearchCenterforZoonosisControl,GI-CoREGlobalStationforZoonosisControl,HokkaidoUniversity,Sapporo,JapanSUMMARYRecognitionanddegradationofviralRNAareessentialforantiviralinnateimmuneresponses.CytoplasmicviralRNAisrecognizedbyretinoicacid-in
3、duciblegeneI(RIG-I)-likereceptors,whichtriggertypeIinterferon(IFN)production.SecretedtypeIIFNactivatesubiquitouslyexpressedtypeIIFNreceptorandinducesIFN-stimulatedgenes(ISGs).Tosuppressviralreplication,severalnucleasesdegradeviralRNA.RNaseLisanISGwithendonucle
4、aseactivitythatdegradesviralRNA,producingsmallRNAthatactivatesRIG-I,resultingintheamplificationoftypeIIFNproduction.Moreover,recentstudieshaveelucidatednovellinksbetweenviralRNArecognitionanddegradation.TheRNAexosomeisaproteincomplexthatincludesnucleasesandises
5、sentialforhostandviralRNAdecay.AlthoughthesmallRNAsproducedbytheRNAexosomedonotactivateRIG-I,severalaccessoryfactorsoftheRNAexosomepromoteRIG-Iactivation.Zinc-fingerantiviralprotein(ZAP)isanaccessoryfactorthatrecognizesviralRNAandpromotesviralRNAdegradationviat
6、heRNAexosome.ZAPSisanalternativesplicingformofZAPandpromotesRIG-IoligomerizationandATPaseactivity,resultinginRIG-Iactivation.DDX60isanothercofactorinvolvedintheviralRNAdegradationviatheRNAexosome.TheDDX60proteinpromotesRIG-Isignalinginacell-typespecificmanner.T
7、heseobservationsimplythatviralRNAdegradationandrecognitionarelinkedtoeachother.Inthisreview,IdiscussthelinksbetweenrecognitionanddegradationofviralRNA.Copyright©2015JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd.Received:3June2015;Revised:21September2015;Accepted:1November2015INTRODUCTIO
8、Nreceptorsarewidelyexpressedandpromotetheex-CytoplasmicviralRNArecognitioninitiatesthepressionofIFN-stimulatedgenes(ISGs)[2].antiviralinnateimmuneresponse.RIG-I-likerecep-SeveralIS
