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1、REVIEWSCYTOSKELETALMOTORSRegulatorsofthecytoplasmicdyneinmotorJuliaR.Kardon*andRonaldD.Vale‡Abstract
2、Eukaryoticcellsusecytoskeletalmotorproteinstotransportmanydifferentintracellularcargos.Numerouskinesinsandmyosinshaveevolvedtocopewiththevarioustransp
3、ortneedsthathavearisenduringeukaryoticevolution.Surprisingly,asinglecytoplasmicdynein(aminusend-directedmicrotubulemotor)carriesoutsimilarlydiversetransportactivitiesasthemanydifferenttypesofkinesin.Howisdyneincoupledtoitswiderangeofcargosandhowisitsp
4、atiallyandtemporallyregulated?Theanswercouldlieintheseveralmultifunctionaladaptors,includingdynactin,lissencephaly1,nucleardistributionproteinE(NudE)andNudE-like,Bicaudald,Rod–ZW10–ZwilchandSpindly,thatregulatedyneinfunctionandlocalization.Thelargesiz
5、eandcomplexorganizationofeukaryotic(transportoforganelles,mRNAandproteins),aswellAxonemecellsnecessitatesactive,directionaltransportfortheasseveralmitoticfunctions1,arecarriedoutbyasingleThebundledmicrotubulestructureatthecentreofefficientandaccurater
6、elocalizationofcellularcom-cytoplasmicdynein.Giventheeaseofgeneduplication,eukaryoticciliaandflagella.ponents.Tocarryoutthistransport,eukaryoticcellsthisissurprisingandsuggestsanevolutionaryadvantageCoordinatedbindingandusemotorproteinsthatwalkalongcy
7、toskeletaltracks.ofusingasinglemotorforminusend-directedtrans-releaseoftheaxonemalTherearethreeclassesofcytoskeletalmotorproteins:port.Itisinterestingtonotethathigherplantsseemtodyneinsslidesthemicrotubulesrelativetoeachother.Thismyosins,kinesinsanddy
8、neins.Myosinsmovealonglackacytoplasmicdynein,butinsteadhaveanexpandedcausestheaxonemetobendactinfilaments,andkinesinsanddyneinsmovealongarrayofminusend-directedkinesins2.anddrivesciliaryandflagellarmicrotubules.Kinesins(withtheexceptionofkinesin14Theh
9、ugelydiversefunctionalrepertoireofcytoplas-beating.Axonemesfunctionasfamilymembers)movetowardsmicrotubuleplusends,micdyneinraisesimportantquestionsaboutitsfunctiontracksforthemotorsinvolvedinintraflagellartransport.whichinmostcellsgenerallyext
