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1、NatureReviewsImmunology
2、AOP,publishedonline19September2014;doi:10.1038/nri3738REVIEWSRegionalspecializationwithintheintestinalimmunesystemAllanM. Mowat1andWilliamW. Agace2,3Abstract
3、Theintestinerepresentsthelargestcompartmentoftheimmunesystem.Itiscontinuallyexposedtoantigensandimmu
4、nomodulatoryagentsfromthedietandthecommensalmicrobiota,anditistheportofentryformanyclinicallyimportantpathogens.Intestinalimmuneprocessesarealsoincreasinglyimplicatedincontrollingdiseasedevelopmentelsewhereinthebody.InthisReview,wedetailtheanatomicalandphysiologicaldistinctionsthat
5、areobservedinthesmallandlargeintestines,andwesuggesthowthesemayaccountforthediversityintheimmuneapparatusthatisseenthroughouttheintestine.Wedescribehowthedistributionofinnate,adaptiveandinnate-likeimmunecellsvariesindifferentsegmentsoftheintestineanddiscusstheenvironmentalfactorsth
6、atmayinfluencethis.Finally,weconsidertheimplicationsofregionalimmunespecializationforinflammatorydiseaseintheintestine.Theintestinecontainsthelargestnumberofimmunetothestomach,followedbythejejunumandthenthePanethcellscellsofanytissueinthebodyanditiscontinuallyileum.Thelargeintestin
7、ebeginsatthecaecum,followedSpecializedepithelialcellslocatedjustbelowtheepithelialexposedtoawiderangeofantigensandpotentialbytheascending(proximal)colon,thetransversecolon,stemcellsinthesmallintestinalimmunestimuli.Thereisanincreasingawarenessofthedescending(distal)colonandtherectu
8、m,terminatingcryptsofLieberkühn.Theyarehowthecontentsoftheintestine,suchasthecommensalattheanus.Thesmallandlargeintestinesdiffermarkedlyarichsourceofantimicrobialbacteriaanddietaryconstituents,influencephysiologicalinsize,withthesmallintestineinhumansconsistingofpeptidesthatpreserv
9、ecryptsterilityandprotecttheandpathologicalprocessesthroughoutthebody.Thismultiplecoilsamountingto6–7minlength;thecolonepithelialstemcellniche.hasresultedinanexplosioninthenumberofstudiesiswiderindiameterandmuchshorter(~1.5m)(FIG. 1).examiningintestinalimmuneresponses.However,manyT
10、hesmallintestineischaracte
