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1、RichardL.W.ClarkeLITS3304Notes07B1MIKHAILBAKHTIN"DISCOURSEINTHENOVEL"(1935)Bakhtin,Mikhail."DiscourseintheNovel."TheDialogicImagination:FourEssays.Trans.MichaelHolquistandCarylEmerson.Austin:UofTexasP,1981.259-422.TowardsaSynthesisofMarxismand(Russian)FormalismBakhtincontendsthatliterarycritici
2、smhashistoricallytendedtofocuseitherexclusivelyon"abstractideologicalexamination"(260)(theprovinceofcriticalschoolssuchasMarxism)oron"concreteproblemsofartisticcraftmanship"(260)(theprovinceofformalistcriticism[e.g.theRussianFormalists]).Inotherwords,traditionally,novelisticanalysishastendedtoi
3、solatequestionsofformfromthoseofcontentortheme(i.e.ideology).Giventhatideologyissemioticinform(ideasdonotexistapartfromthemediumoflanguage),Bakhtin’sthesisinthisessayis,rather,thattheformtakenbyandtheideologyoftheliteraryworkareinseparable,somethinghehopestoprovebyfocusingonthenovel.Inotherword
4、s,formisideologicalatthesametimethatideologymusttakesomeform.ThisiswhyBakhtincallsforwhatisineffecta‘sociologicalstylistics.Bakhtincontends,firstly,thatthenoveldoesnotconsistinasingle,unifiedform.Toputthisanotherway,thenovelasagenresubsumesseveralsub-genres(whatBakhtintermsintypicalBakhtinianfa
5、shion"severalheterogeneousstylisticunities"[261]).Secondly,thenovel,unlikelyricpoetry(inhisview),doesnotexpressasinglevoiceorpointofview,traditionallyassumedtobetheauthor’s(i.e.itisnotmonological).Thenovelis,rather,dialogicalorheteroglot,orother-voiced,(inanearlierdiscussionofDostoievsky,hefirs
6、tusedsynonymslikedouble-voicedandpolyphonic),thatis,expressiveofamultiplicityofpointsofview(voices)thatincludesbutisnotlimitedtotheauthor’s.Inshort,asBakhtinputsit,thenovelis"multiforminstyleandvariforminspeechandvoice"(myemphases;261).Thesevoicesorperspectivesinclude:Ctheauthor’sownvoice,so-ca
7、lleddirectauthorialinterventions(thesearepassagesinwhichtheauthor’sownvoicecanbeclearlyheardcommentingupontheactionorarticulatingsomemoralsentimentthatmayhavelittletodowiththeprogressionoftheplotitself);Cthenarrator’svoice(usually
