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1、7Bakhtin’sDialogizedHeteroglossiaMikhailBakhtin(1895–1975)wasintroducedtoanAmericanaudiencein1968whenhis‘‘RoleofGamesinRabelais’’wasincludedinavolumeoftheYaleFrenchStudiesseriesonthetopicofgame,play,andliterature.Althoughmostofhisworkswerewritteninthe1920sand1
2、930s,theywerenotavailabletotheWesternpublicuntilthe1970s.Bakhtin’scontributiontothefieldofhumansciences,inparticulartoatheoryofliterature,hasbeencomparedtotheworksofBarthes(1972),Derrida(1981),andLévi-Strauss(1972).Consideringthefactthattheseindi-vidualsarerega
3、rdedasthegreatestthinkersofthetwentiethcentury,itisratherdisappointingthatBakhtin’sideashavebeengivensolittleattentionbyresearchersworkinginthefieldsoflinguisticsandSLA.HisrelativelackofpopularityinthefieldofSLAcouldbeexplainedorjustifiedtoacertaindegreebyhisintr
4、icatestyleofwriting.Bakhtinhadatendencytojotdownhisthoughtsandideas.Hiswritingsandthetranslationsofhisworksseemtoreflectthisparticularstyleofwriting,inwhichthesameideasarefrequentlyrepeatedinthesamework.Hisbroadbackgroundinliterature,however,mayexplainbestwhyhi
5、sideasareratherunexploredbySLAresearchers.Inordertoappreciatethedepthandoriginalityofhisideas,ratherextensiveknowledgeofRussianliterature(inparticular,Dostoevsky,Pushkin,Tolstoy,andGogol),aswellasFrench,120Bakhtin’sDialogizedHeteroglossia121German,British,andc
6、lassicGreekandRomanliteratureisnecessary.Hisworkalsoreflectshissolidbackgroundinphilosophy,inparticular,thatofKant.Thus,inadditiontobeingaliterarycriticandlinguist,Bakhtinmayalsoberegardedasaphilosopheroflanguage.AlthoughBakhtinwasverywellacquaintedwithlinguist
7、icsofhistime,RussianFormalismandStructuralism,herejectedthemajorprinciplesofthesetwoschools.Heobjectedtotheirinsistenceontheseparationofsentence-levellinguisticsfromutterance-levellinguisticsthatwasinitiatedbytheworkofdeSaussure.AsmentionedinChapter5,Saussure(
8、1959)dividedlanguageintotwodomains:thedomainoflalangue,linguisticformsandstructures,andthedomainoflaparole,theusageoflanguageinreal-lifecontexts.Lalanguecouldbeviewedassentence-lev
