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1、MikhailBakhtin(1895-1975)*JamesP.ZappenMikhailMikhailovichBakhtinwasborninOrel,southofMoscow,in1895andgrewupinVilniusandOdessa,cosmopolitanbordertownsthatofferedanunusuallyheterogeneousmixofdisparatelanguagesandcultures.1HestudiedclassicsandphilologyatSt.Petersburg(laterPetrog
2、rad)University,thenmovedtothecountry,firsttoNevelandthentoVitebsk,inthewakeoftherevolutionsof1917.Therehemaintainedanassociationwithotherintellectuals,theso-called"Bakhtincircle,"amongthemValentinVoloshinovandPavelMedvedev.Bakhtinsharedwithmembersofthiscircleavarietyofinterest
3、s,mostespeciallyKantandcontemporaryGermanphilosophyandthenewphysicsofPlanck,Einstein,andBohr.Duringthisperiod,hecompletedseveralworksonethicsandaesthetics,amongthemTowardaPhilosophyoftheAct,publishedlongafterhisdeath.From1924to1929,BakhtinlivedinLeningrad(formerlyPetrograd),su
4、pportedbyhiswife,ElenaAlexandrovna,whileunemployedduetosuspicionsarisingfromhisreligiousactivitiesandtoabonedisease,whichnecessitatedtheamputationofhisrightlegin1938.Duringthelate1920’s,hewroteProblemsofDostoevsky’sArt,publishedin1929(andpartiallytranslatedin"ThreeFragmentsfro
5、mthe1929Edition").Hemayormaynothavewrittenseveralbookspublishedinothers’namesbutsometimesattributedtohim,includingVoloshinov’sFreudianism:ACriticalSketchandMarxismandthePhilosophyofLanguageandMedvedevandBakhtin’sTheFormalMethodinLiteraryScholarship.2Bakhtinwasarrestedin1929,pr
6、obablyasaresultofhisreligiousactivities,andexhiledinKazakhstan,wherehestayeduntil1936,whenheacceptedaprofessorshipattheMordovianPedagogicalInstituteinSaransk.Duringthe1930’sandearly1940’s,hecompletedsomeofhismostimportantstudiesofthenovel,including"DiscourseintheNovel,""Formso
7、fTimeandoftheChronotopeintheNovel,"and"EpicandNovel."HealsocompletedhismajorworkonRabelais,submittedashisdoctoraldissertationtotheGorkyInstituteofWorldLiteratureinMoscowin1941(hewaslaterawardedthelowerdegreeofCandidate).ForcedtomovefromSaransktoSavelovotoescapethegreatpurgeof1
8、937,BakhtinreturnedaftertheSecondWorldWar,hisrelativeobscurit
